Insight: Bird flu alarm drives world towards once-shunned vaccines
17/02/2023 08:30
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Severe bird flu kills millions of fowl worldwide
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EU on track to allow bird flu vaccinations
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Mexico, Ecuador recently launched vaccination campaigns
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U.S. government reluctant due to fears of trade barriers
By Sybille de La Hamaide
CASTELNAU-TURSAN, France, Feb 17 (Reuters) - French duck
farmer Herve Dupouy has culled his flock four times since 2015
to stop the spread of bird flu but as a wave of deadly outbreaks
nears his farm once again, he says it's time to accept a
solution once considered taboo: vaccination.
"The goal is that our animals don't fall ill and that they
don't spread the virus," Dupouy said on his farm in
Castelneu-Tursan in southwestern France. "Our job as farmers is
not to gather dead animals."
Like Dupouy, more and more governments around the world are
reconsidering their opposition to vaccines as culling birds or
locking them inside has failed to prevent bird flu returning to
decimate commercial flocks year after year.
Reuters spoke to senior officials in the world's largest
poultry and egg producers, along with vaccine makers and poultry
companies. They all said there had been a marked shift in the
approach to vaccines globally due to the severity of this year's
bird flu outbreak, though the biggest exporter of poultry meat,
the United States, told Reuters it remains reluctant.
Besides the cost of culling millions of chickens, ducks,
turkeys and geese there is also a growing fear among scientists
and governments that if the virus becomes endemic, the chances
of it mutating and spreading to humans will only increase.
"That's why every country in the world is worried about bird
flu," French agriculture minister Marc Fesneau said.
"There's no reason to panic but we must learn from history
on these subjects. This is why we are looking into vaccinations
at the global level," he told Reuters.
Most of the world's biggest poultry producers have resisted
vaccinations due to concerns they could mask the spread of bird
flu and hit exports to countries that have banned vaccinated
poultry on fears infected birds could slip through the net.
But since early last year, bird flu, or avian influenza, has
ravaged farms around the world, leading to the deaths of more
than 200 million birds because of the disease or mass culls, the
World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) told Reuters.
The mass culls last year also sent the price of eggs
sky-rocketing, contributing to the global food crisis.
U.S. HOLDS OUT
Mexico started emergency vaccinations last year while
Ecuador said this month it planned to inoculate more than two
million birds after the virus infected a 9-year-old girl.
France is on track to start vaccinating poultry in
September, agriculture minister Fesneau told Reuters, before the
return of migrating wild birds that can infect farms.
The EU, meanwhile, agreed last year to implement a vaccine
strategy across its 27 member states.
Brussels has also normalised its poultry vaccination rules,
which are due to come into force next month. They will ensure
poultry products and day-old chicks can be traded freely within
the bloc, a European Commission spokesperson told Reuters.
China, which consumes most of its poultry production
domestically, has been vaccinating against avian influenza for
nearly 20 years and has managed to sharply reduce outbreaks.
But the biggest producer of poultry meat in the world, the
United States, is holding out for now.
The United States has been hit hardest worldwide in the
latest outbreak with a toll of more than 58 million birds in the
past year, followed by Canada, while France has suffered the
most within the EU, WOAH data showed.
But the fear of trade restrictions remains centre stage for
countries reluctant to vaccinate poultry against bird flu.
While vaccines can reduce death rates, some vaccinated birds
could still contract the disease and transmit it, effectively
masking the spread of the virus.
That's why some big buyers of poultry meat and live birds
have banned imports from countries where vaccines are permitted,
for fear of bringing in the virus as well.
Bird flu can also mutate rapidly and reduce the efficacy of
vaccines while programmes are costly and time consuming, as
shots often need to be administered individually. And even once
birds have been vaccinated, flocks need to be monitored.
"The use of a vaccine at this time would have detrimental
impacts on poultry trade while still necessitating response
activities such as quarantine, depopulation, and surveillance
testing," the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) told
Reuters.
Given trade restrictions on vaccinated poultry, bilateral
negotiations would be needed to clear exports to those markets
and avoid unfair competition, Philippe Gelin, chief executive of
France's LDC LOUP.PA , one of Europe's largest poultry firms.
French minister Fesneau told Reuters that Paris was
negotiating with its non-EU trade partners to allow exports of
vaccinated poultry while there were also bilateral talks at the
EU level with countries outside the bloc.
MRNA POULTRY VACCINES
Brazil, the world's largest poultry exporter, has so far
avoided an outbreak - and the need for vaccines - though the
virus is getting closer with several of its neighbours including
Bolivia reporting outbreaks.
But countries such as France, which spent 1.1 billion euros
($1.2 billion) last year compensating poultry farmers for their
losses, believe it's time to bite the vaccination bullet.
"This is a huge economic loss," said Gilles Salvat, deputy
director of the research division at French health security
agency ANSES. "We won't avoid occasional introductions (of the
virus) via wildlife or via a contaminated environment, but what
we want to avoid is these occasional introductions spreading
throughout the country."
As part of the EU-wide strategy, France is carrying out
tests on vaccines for ducks, which are very receptive to the
virus and remain asymptomatic for many days, increasing the risk
of transmission to other farms.
The Netherlands is testing vaccines on egg-laying hens,
Italy is doing the same on turkeys and Hungary on Pekin ducks,
with the results from the EU trials expected in the coming
months.
France's Ceva Animal Health, one of the main companies
developing bird flu vaccines along with Germany's Boehringher
Ingelheim, said initial results were "very promising", notably
by sharply reducing the excretion of the virus by infected
birds.
Ceva said it was using the mRNA technology used in some
COVID shots for the first time in poultry vaccines.
The global market for bird flu vaccines would be about 800
million to 1 billion doses per year, excluding China, said
Sylvain Comte, corporate marketing director for poultry at Ceva.
Although the risk to humans from bird flu remains low, and
there have never been cases of human-to-human transmission,
countries must prepare for any change in the status quo, the
World Health Organization said last week.
The recent COVID crisis has shown the risk of a virus found
in animals mutating or combining with another influenza virus to
make the jump to humans - and lead to a global pandemic.
The H5N1 strain prevalent in the latest bird flu outbreak
has killed several mammals, including minks in Spain, foxes and
otters in Britain, a cat in France and grizzly bears in the
United States.
"Without being alarmist, we should be careful and not let
this virus circulate too intensively and for too long," said
Salvat at French agency ANSES.
($1 = 0.9351 euros)
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FACTBOX-Bird flu vaccination policies by country urn:newsml:reuters.com:*:nL8N34H4PY
INSIGHT-Bird flu spreads to new countries, threatens non-stop
'war' on poultry urn:newsml:reuters.com:*:nL1N34V288
EXPLAINER-Bird flu: what are the risks to people and animals?
urn:newsml:reuters.com:*:nL1N34P2S0
Mexico to start vaccinating poultry to block bird flu variant
urn:newsml:reuters.com:*:nL6N32C01O
Ecuador to vaccinate more than two million birds against bird
flu urn:newsml:reuters.com:*:nL1N34H1XN
Ecuador confirms first human bird flu infection in 9-year-old
girl urn:newsml:reuters.com:*:nL6N33W00I
Bolivia reports outbreaks of highly pathogenic bird flu in
poultry urn:newsml:reuters.com:*:nL8N34G5XT
Risk to humans from H5N1 bird flu remains low but we must
prepare urn:newsml:reuters.com:*:nL1N34O1Q0
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^>
(Reporting by Sybille de La Hamaide and Stephane Mahe in
France, Cassandra Garrison in Mexico, Tom Polansek in Chicago,
Ana Mano in Sao Paulo, Phil Blenkisop in Brussels, Michael Hogan
in Hamburg, Nigel Hunt in London, Sarah El Safty in Cairo and
Dominique Patton in Beijing; Editing by David Clarke)
((Sybille.deLaHamaide@thomsonreuters.com; +336 8774 4148;))