Markets mask India's growing promoter capitalism

Ultratech Cement

25/08/2025 13:00

The author is a Reuters Breakingviews columnist. The opinions expressed are her own.

By Shritama Bose

MUMBAI, Aug 25 (Reuters Breakingviews) - A small paradox is gripping India's capital markets. The rise of institutional investors is pushing down overall shareholding levels of powerful private backers of companies, including tycoons. But other indicators point to this cohort's growing influence in the $4 trillion economy.

So-called promoter shareholdings in public firms fell to 40.58%, an eight-year low, per an analysis by PRIME Database of 2,086 companies listed on the main board of the National Stock Exchange. Over the past three years, promoters' share has fallen by 455 basis points, the research shows.

The quirky term is rooted in post-independence India's encouragement of entrepreneurs to promote local enterprise and describes owners that have large sway over the affairs of a company. These days, it assumes a mildly pejorative edge, making private banks and startups flaunt their lack of promoters as shorthand for good governance.

One reason for the rapid fall in their holdings from a peak of 45% in 2022 is an increase in listings of companies backed by financial sponsors like $32 billion food delivery firm Eternal ETEA.NS and its rival Swiggy SWIG.NS.

Older behemoths are warming up to external capital, too, though tycoons are hawking minority stakes in unlisted businesses. Mukesh Ambani's Reliance Industries RELI.NS sold shares in its retail and telecom units to investors from Meta META.O to KKR KKR.N in 2020 to cut debt, and Tata Motors TAMO.NS had TPG TPG.O jump in as a backer of its electric-vehicle unit in 2021.

Yet the reality on the ground suggests a tightening, not loosening, of their control. As global companies enter India, promoter-backed businesses are emerging as partners of choice. Fast fashion giant Shein has entered an alliance with Reliance Industries, and MG Motor has teamed up with Sajjan Jindal-backed JSW.

It's a result of New Delhi's protectionist policies and entrants' desire to scale up fast, but also a growing perception that it is not possible to win against the top domestic industrialists. M&A by large groups is reducing competition, too; Adani's Ambuja Cements ABUJ.NS and UltraTech ULTC.NS owner Kumar Mangalam Birla are rearranging the country's cement industry into a duopoly.

In fact, India Inc.'s shunning of leverage since the pandemic reduces the necessity of large owners to dilute their equity. Promoter entities own 50.07% of Reliance and up to 75% in each of the 10 listed Adani Group companies. The position of India's most powerful promoters is far from getting demoted.

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CONTEXT NEWS

Stakes held by powerful private shareholders, known as promoters, in large Indian companies have fallen to an eight-year low in India.

Such shareholdings on the main board of the National Stock Exchange fell to 40.58% in June, per an analysis of 2,086 companies by PRIME Database.

Over the past three years, promoters' share has fallen by 455 basis points from 45.13% on March 31, 2022, the research shows.

Powerful shareholders' stakes in Indian firms is at an eight-year low https://www.reuters.com/graphics/BRV-BRV/jnvwblnegpw/chart.png

(Editing by Una Galani; Production by Ujjaini Dutta)

((For previous columns by the author, Reuters customers can click on BOSE/shritama.bose@thomsonreuters.com))