Explainer: Why is Japan's 'moon sniper' landing mission important?
18/01/2024 23:00
(Repeats Jan 18 story for wider distribution, with no change to
text)
By Kantaro Komiya
TOKYO, Jan 19 (Reuters) - Japan aims to become the fifth
country to put a spacecraft on the moon when it attempts the
precision landing of the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon
(SLIM) probe on Friday.
Dubbed the "moon sniper", SLIM will put to the test an
experimental technology the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
(JAXA) says is unprecedented and essential to searching for
water, and other factors that could sustain life on the moon.
JAXA will start a 20-minute touchdown phase on its one-way
mission from 1500 GMT Friday, trying to land on a site roughly
the size of two athletic tracks located on the slope of a crater
just south of the lunar equator.
WHAT IS JAPAN'S PRECISION MOON LANDING?
More than two decades in development, the SLIM project is
JAXA's second lunar landing attempt. It lost contact with the
OMOTENASHI lander shortly after launch in 2022.
SLIM is designed to land within 100 metres (328 feet) of its
target, versus the conventional accuracy of several kilometres
for lunar landers. As the probe descends onto the surface, it
recognises where it is flying by matching its camera's images
with existing satellite photos of the moon. This "vision-based
navigation" enables a precise touchdown, JAXA says.
The precision landing technology will become a powerful tool
in future exploration of hilly moon poles - seen as a potential
source of oxygen, fuel and water - and boosts a lunar lander's
chance of survival by helping it select the best location for
solar power generation, according to JAXA.
WHAT ARE CHALLENGES AND OTHER OBJECTIVES?
Only four nations - the former Soviet Union, the United
States, China and India - and no private companies have achieved
the soft landing on the moon's surface.
JAXA has twice landed on small asteroids, but landing on the
moon is more difficult due to its gravity. Last year, probes
from Russia and Japanese startup ispace inc 9348.T crashed
into the moon's surface. A lander from U.S. startup Astrobotic
last week suffered a fuel leak, forcing it to abandon a
touchdown attempt.
Manufacturing a lightweight moon lander with less fuel
consumption was another objective of the SLIM project, as Japan
aims to carry out more frequent missions in the future by
reducing launch costs. SLIM weighs 700 kg (1,540 lb) at launch,
less than half of India's Chandrayaan-3 that in August made a
historic touchdown on the moon's south pole.
WHAT ABOUT RECENT SETBACKS?
In March, JAXA manually destroyed the initial model of new
flagship rocket H3 after launch due to engine ignition trouble.
The failure caused widespread delays in Japan's satellite
launches and space missions, including SLIM and another joint
lunar polar exploration project with India, which is now slated
for 2025.
JAXA also failed to launch an Epsilon small rocket in 2022,
followed by an engine explosion during a test in July.
JAXA has completed the investigation into the first H3
rocket's failure last year and set the launch date of its second
model to Feb. 15.
WHAT ARE OTHER MISSIONS TO THE MOON?
A number of lunar landers will be headed to the moon this
year. U.S. startup Intuitive Machines LUNR.O aims to launch
its IM-1 lander in mid-February. China plans to send its
Chang'e-6 spacecraft to the far side of the moon in the first
half of 2024 to retrieve samples from an ancient basin.
Tokyo-based ispace has said it would launch its second moon
mission this year.
NASA plans the launch of its lunar polar exploration rover
VIPER in November. The U.S. space agency last week announced
fresh delays to its Artemis moon program, scheduling for 2026
its first astronaut lunar landing in half a century.
(Reporting by Kantaro Komiya; editing by Miral Fahmy)
((Kantaro.Komiya@thomsonreuters.com; Twitter: @kantarokomiya;))