REG - Greatland Gold PLC - Telfer Ore Reserve, Outlook and Havieron expansion
15/04/2025 07:02
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RNS Number : 0635F Greatland Gold PLC 15 April 2025
Greatland Gold plc (AIM: GGP)
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NEWS RELEASE | 15 April 2025
Telfer Ore Reserve, 2-Year Outlook and Havieron expansion
Initial Greatland Telfer Ore Reserve delivers 712koz gold and 23kt copper
Telfer 2-Year Outlook to extend dual-train production through FY27, bridging
any 'gap' to Havieron production
Integrated Havieron and Telfer production expected to commence during FY28 and
result in a step change cost reduction and sustained higher volume production
Havieron Feasibility Study to assess mining rate expansion from
2.8Mtpa to 4.0 - 4.5Mtpa, an increase of 43% - 60%
THIS ANNOUNCEMENT CONTAINS INSIDE INFORMATION AS STIPULATED UNDER THE UK
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PUBLIC DOMAIN.
Greatland Gold plc (AIM:GGP) (Greatland or the Company), is pleased to provide
this initial Greatland Ore Reserve and updated 2-year outlook for the Telfer
gold-copper mine (Telfer).
Highlights
Updated Telfer 2-Year Outlook(1,2)
§ Updated Telfer 2-Year Outlook follows less than five months after
Greatland's acquisition and extends pre-acquisition mine plan by a further
18 months through FY27, before integrated Telfer and Havieron production is
expected to begin in FY28(3).
§ Telfer 2-Year Outlook expected to be further refined and optimised as
Greatland continues to progress and evaluate Telfer opportunities, including
based on the results from current drilling programs and ongoing optimisation
work.
§ Dual train production to continue with annual average production of 280 -
320koz of gold plus 7 - 11kt of copper.
§ Annual production target and costs outlook (Telfer 2-Year Outlook):
FY26 FY27 Average
Production (koz Au) 300 - 340 260 - 300 280 - 320
Production (kt Cu) 9 - 13 5 - 9 7 - 11
AISC(4) (A$/oz) 2,400 - 2,600 2,750 - 2,950 -
§ Bridges any previously perceived 'gap' before Havieron production is
expected to begin during FY28(3), avoiding the need to idle infrastructure and
ensuring operational and workforce continuity.
§ Telfer AISC expected to increase in FY27 as more mined inventory is
processed (vs. stockpiled ore), however there is potential for improvement if
higher grade ore sources are confirmed and/or costs are further optimised.
§ Havieron ore processing is expected to begin during FY28(3), augmenting
production with high grade ore feed and creating a step change reduction in
AISC. Telfer outlook beyond the two-year current outlook period to FY27 is
supported by a further year of mining from the West Dome Open Pit Stage 7
Extension plus 19Mt of LG Stockpiles (Ore Reserves). Refer to 'Outlook from
FY28' below.
§ Continued high volume gold production from Telfer into a strong gold price
environment is expected to generate significant cash flow, further
strengthening Greatland's robust balance sheet and de-risking the funding to
complete Havieron's development.
§ Greatland intends to continue downside price protection through gold put
options, while maintaining full upside exposure to the gold price. A
significant proportion of anticipated CY25 - CY26 gold production is already
protected with put options:
Quarter End Date Gold Volumes Under Put Options (koz) Weighted Average Strike Price (A$/oz)
30-Jun-2025 46,302 3,905
30-Sep-2025 38,910 3,905
31-Dec-2025 30,792 3,905
31-Mar-2026 37,502 4,200
30-Jun-2026 37,502 4,200
30-Sep-2026 37,502 4,200
31-Dec-2026 37,498 4,200
Total 266,008 4,071
§ Production Target:
‒ The updated Telfer 2-Year Outlook comprises inventory from the
currently active West Dome Open Pit and Main Dome Underground, ROM stockpiles
and LG stockpiles. Refer to 'Inventory sources' section below.
‒ The Telfer 2-Year Outlook is a Production Target, based on inventory
comprising 79% Measured / Indicated Resource, 16% Inferred Resource, 5%
Exploration Target (aggregate for FY26 - FY27).(1)
‒ Cautionary statement: There is a low level of geological confidence
associated with Inferred Mineral Resources and there is no certainty that
further exploration work will result in the determination of Indicated Mineral
Resources or that the Production Target itself will be realised. The potential
quantity and grade of an Exploration Target is conceptual in nature, there has
been insufficient exploration to determine a Mineral Resource and there is no
certainty that further exploration work will result in the determination of
Mineral Resources or that the Production Target itself will be realised.
‒ The Telfer 2-Year Outlook is not intended as guidance. Greatland
will announce guidance annually each financial year. FY26 guidance is
expected to be announced following the conclusion of FY25.
§ Resource conversion: Greatland considers there is a high likelihood of
substantial conversion of Inferred Resource and unclassified mineralisation
inventory within the Telfer 2-Year Outlook into Indicated Resource, on the
basis that:
‒ Telfer mine has operated for over 40 years, with the orebodies well
understood.
‒ Historical conversion rates at Telfer are supportive of high
percentage of Mineral Resource converting to Ore Reserves.
‒ Inferred and unclassified inventory is sourced from extensions to
currently active mining areas (West Dome Open Pit and Main Dome Underground).
‒ Over 23,000 metres of drilling has been completed since December
2024, targeting the Inferred Resource and unclassified mineralisation included
in the Telfer 2-Year Outlook inventory, with further drilling in progress.
Outlook from FY28
§ Havieron production: First gold production from Havieron is expected during
FY28(3), augmenting Telfer production with high grade ore feed and expected to
result in a step change reduction in AISC per ounce and sustained higher
volume production:
‒ Ore Reserve grade: 25Mt at 3.0g/t Au & 0.44% Cu
‒ Indicated Resource grade: 50Mt at 2.6g/t Au & 0.33% Cu
‒ Exceptional ounce per vertical metre profile (OPVM)(5):
§ First 300 vertical metres of ore body averaging >9,150 OPVM
§ 1,000 vertical metres of ore body averaging >7,900 OPVM
Driving globally lowest quartile Havieron AISC(4,6).
§ Havieron expansion: Feasibility Study assessing an expanded mining rate of
4.0 - 4.5Mtpa (refer below).
§ Telfer growth and extension: Opportunities for further growth and extension
of Telfer production substantially beyond FY27 include:
‒ Further year of planned mining from West Dome Open Pit Stage 7
Extension.
‒ 19Mt LG Stockpiles (Ore Reserves) remaining in July 2027.
‒ Additional residual Telfer Mineral Resources contained within:
§ West Dome Open Pit: potential southern and central extensions; and
§ Main Dome Underground: lower mine extensions (LLU, B30, Kylo).
‒ Main Dome underground:
§ Eastern stockwork corridor (ESC) extensions (near mine opportunity); and
§ Vertical stockwork corridor (VSC) (bulk, long life opportunity).
‒ West Dome Underground Project:
§ New high grade, underground potential mine area below the West Dome Open
Pit, accessible from current Main Dome Underground infrastructure.
§ Second phase underground drilling campaign planned to commence in June 2025
quarter targeting infill of existing mineralisation and continued extensions
along strike and down dip, to support definition of an inaugural Mineral
Resource estimate.
§ Development of a second development drive from Main Dome Underground to
West Dome Underground commenced in March 2025 quarter.
‒ Main Dome Open Pit: East ramp cutback to be evaluated during 2025,
along with further extension opportunities.
Havieron expansion being assessed by Feasibility Study
§ Havieron Feasibility Study design criteria has been finalised, the study
will assess an initial mining rate (post ramp-up) of 2.8Mtpa, increasing to
between 4.0Mtpa - 4.5Mtpa by development of an underground crusher and
material handling system.
§ Increased mining rate has the potential to be highly value accretive with
existing Telfer infrastructure and processing capacity already in place, and
limited expansions or upgrades required to planned Havieron site
infrastructure.
§ Expansion is expected to be largely self-funded from anticipated future
Havieron cash flows.
§ Feasibility Study targeted for completion in H2 CY2025.
Ore Reserves as at 31 December 2024:
§ Initial Greatland Telfer Ore Reserves as at 31 December 2024:
‒ 46.1Mt @ 0.48g/t Au and 0.05% Cu for 712koz Au and 23kt Cu,
comprising:
§ West Dome Open Pit: 14.2Mt @ 0.60g/t Au & 0.05% Cu for 273koz Au &
8kt Cu.
§ Stockpiles (ROM): 9.6Mt @ 0.68g/t Au & 0.07% Cu, for 209koz Au &
6kt Cu.
§ Stockpiles (LG): 20.3Mt @ 0.33g/t Au & 0.04% Cu, for 215koz Au &
9kt Cu.
§ Dump leach (DL): 2.0Mt @ 0.23g/t Au, for 15koz Au.
‒ Further growth potential: Ore Reserve prepared on schedule in
preparation for the Company's upcoming ASX listing, 19 weeks since completion
of the Telfer acquisition and four weeks after Greatland's inaugural Telfer
Mineral Resource estimate, assessing only the West Dome Open Pit Stage 7
Cutback and Stage 2 Extension mining areas. Further West Dome Open Pit
extensions and Main Dome Underground areas contained in the 2024 Group Mineral
Resource to be assessed in future Ore Reserve updates.
§ Group Ore Reserves (including Havieron) increased to 71.0Mt @ 1.36g/t Au
and 0.19% Cu for 3.1Moz Au and 132kt Cu
‒ Havieron growth potential: The Havieron Ore Reserve, last updated in
March 2022, is currently 24.9Mt @ 2.98g/t Au and 0.44% Cu for 2.4Moz Au and
109kt Cu.
‒ The Havieron Indicated Mineral Resource now 50Mt @ 2.60g/t Au and
0.33% Cu, for 4.2Moz Au and 165kt Cu, has grown by 1.1Moz (contained gold)
since the last Ore Reserve update. This considerable additional Indicated
Resource will be considered when the Havieron Ore Reserve is next updated in
the Havieron Feasibility Study, targeted for completion in H2 CY2025.
Notes:
1. The updated Telfer 2-Year Outlook is a Production Target, refer to
the cautionary statement above. All material assumptions on which the Telfer
2-Year Outlook is based are detailed in the Material Information Summary
included in this announcement and in the technical information included in
Appendix 1. While the Company considers all the material assumptions to be
based on reasonable grounds, there is no certainty that they will prove to be
correct.
2. Telfer 2-Year Outlook is a sub-set of a longer life mine plan for
Telfer. Greatland expects Havieron production to begin during FY28(3),
augmenting Telfer production. As the Havieron Feasibility Study remains in
progress no allowance for production estimates or associated capital
expenditure for Havieron has been included in this Telfer 2-Year Outlook.
After the Havieron Feasibility Study has been completed, Greatland will be in
a position to update the market on the outlook for integrated Telfer and
Havieron operations.
3. Subject to completion of the Feasibility Study, FID and receipt of
required permits and approvals within expected timeframes. The Havieron
Feasibility Study will include an executable project schedule.
4. All-in sustaining cost (AISC) is stated per ounce of gold produced,
net of by-product (copper) credits. AISC excludes inventory movements which
mainly relate to stockpiles acquired as part of the Telfer acquisition at
4 December 2024.
5. Refer to Greatland's announcement of 21 December 2023 titled
'Havieron Mineral Resource Estimate Update'.
6. Havieron stand-alone AISC. Refer to the 'Greatland Base Case' for
Havieron in the Company's Admission Document dated 10 September 2024 which
assessed a Havieron mining rate of 2.8Mtpa and indicated globally lowest
quartile AISC. Greatland continues to progress the Havieron Feasibility Study,
targeted for completion in H2 CY2025, which will refine the base case,
incorporate optimisation opportunities to the extent they are identified and
validated, and define an executable project schedule and capital expense
estimate. The Company's expectation is that globally lowest quartile AISC will
be indicated by the Feasibility Study, however there is no certainty that this
will prove to be correct.
Greatland Managing Director, Shaun Day, commented:
"Greatland has made a tremendous start to our ownership of Telfer, producing
over 90,000 ounces of gold and generating over A$250 million in free cash
flow in the March 2025 quarter.
"When we acquired Telfer, we set out an initial mine plan of 15 months
together with a number of opportunities we had identified during acquisition
due diligence to extend that plan. Alongside continued safe and profitable
production, Telfer mine life extension is our key objective.
"After only five months since the acquisition, this initial updated Telfer
outlook already provides for a substantial 18-month extension of dual train
processing at Telfer through FY27, expected to deliver on average 280,000 -
320,000 ounces of gold (plus copper) per annum over the next two years, with
opportunities to further augment this as we continue to optimise our initial
mine planning.
"The Telfer Ore Reserve and updated outlook are the result of a tremendous
amount of work by our team in due diligence and the short time since the
acquisition. The 2-year outlook demonstrates the extension of Telfer
production and closing of any previously perceived 'gap' before Havieron
production.
"This is an excellent financial outcome that allows us to reinvest in Telfer
and provides us the confidence that completion of Havieron's development can
be funded by existing cash, future Telfer cashflows and debt finance.
Importantly, it means operationally that we can maintain our workforce and
infrastructure for first gold from Havieron.
"Augmenting production with high grade Havieron ore feed, expected to begin
during FY28, is expected to result in a step change reduction in AISC and
sustained higher volume annual production. Havieron is a world-class ore body
with exceptional ounces per vertical metre, resulting in excellent cost
efficiency.
"Additionally, the Havieron Feasibility Study will assess a significantly
expanded Havieron mine, increasing from an initial (post ramp-up) 2.8Mtpa
mining rate up to between 4.0 - 4.5Mtpa, by development of an underground
crusher and material handling system. This expansion is expected to be highly
value accretive and potentially self-funded from initial Havieron production.
We look forward to delivering the Feasibility Study in H2 CY2025."
Telfer 2-Year Outlook
The Telfer 2-Year Outlook is a Production Target extending Telfer production
through FY27, with annual average production for FY26 to FY27 of 280 - 320koz
Au and 7 - 11kt Cu.
Production target and costs outlook
Table 1: Summary of updated Telfer 2-Year Outlook production target and cost
outlook
FY26 FY27 Average
Inventory processed (Mt) 17.0 - 17.5 17.0 - 17.5 17.0 - 17.5
Production Au (koz) 300 - 340 260 - 300 280 - 320
Production Cu (kt) 9 - 13 5 - 9 7 - 11
AISC (A$/oz) 2,400 - 2,600 2,750 - 2,950 -
Growth capital (A$m) - Telfer 80 - -
Notes to Table 1:
1. All-In Sustaining Cost (AISC) is stated per ounce of gold produced,
net of by-product (copper) credits. AISC excludes inventory movements which
mainly relate to stockpiles acquired as part of the Telfer acquisition at 4
December 2024. Major TSF construction works are included in growth capital to
set the facilities up for long term production.
2. The updated Telfer 2-Year Outlook is a Production Target, based on
inventory comprising 79% Measured / Indicated Resource, 16% Inferred
Resource, 5% Exploration Target (aggregate for FY26 - FY27). Refer to the
cautionary statement above in the Highlights summary.
3. Processing configuration: Updated Telfer 2-Year Outlook assumes
dual train processing (utilising both of Telfer's two 10Mtpa nominal capacity
processing trains) at an annual rate of approximately 17.0 - 17.5Mtpa.
4. Inventory sources are illustrated in Table 2 and Figures 1 - 3
below.
5. Material assumptions on which the Telfer 2-Year Outlook is based
are detailed in the Material Information Summary included in this announcement
and in the technical information included in Appendix 1. While Greatland
considers all the material assumptions to be based on reasonable grounds,
there is no certainty that they will prove to be correct.
6. As the Havieron Feasibility Study remains in progress, no allowance
for production estimates or associated capital expenditure has been included
in this Telfer 2-Year Outlook.
Annual operations commentary
FY26: Total inventory processed of 17.3Mt, comprising a base-load of West Dome
Open Pit inventory (both mined and ROM stockpiles) supplemented by Main Dome
Underground inventory. ROM stockpiles acquired through the Telfer acquisition
are fully utilised.
FY27: Total inventory processed of 17.3Mt, comprising a base-load feed of West
Dome Open Pit inventory (mined), supplemented by Main Dome Underground
inventory and LG stockpiles. The AISC increases as Greatland incurs mining
costs for a larger proportion of processed inventory.
The outlook for FY26 - FY27 is expected to be further refined and optimised as
Greatland continues to progress and evaluate Telfer opportunities, including
based on the results from current drilling programs and ongoing optimisation
work.
FY28+:
§ Havieron production: Processing and production from high grade Havieron ore
feed is expected to commence during FY28. Havieron production is expected to
result in substantially reduced AISC per ounce and sustained high volume
production. Refer to the 'Havieron' section below for further details.
§ Havieron expansion: Feasibility Study is assessing an initial mining rate
(post ramp-up) of 2.8Mtpa, increasing to between 4.0Mtpa - 4.5Mtpa by
development of an underground crusher and material handling system. Refer to
the 'Havieron' section below for further details.
§ Telfer growth and extension: Potential to bring in further mining inventory
with the integrated production of Telfer and Havieron, including:
‒ 19Mt of LG stockpiles (Ore Reserves).
‒ Continuation of Stage 7 Extension (Figure 1 & 2 below) for
further year post FY27.
‒ Further extension and growth opportunities in the West Dome Open Pit
(southern and central extensions).
‒ Main Dome Underground and West Dome Underground opportunities.
Refer to 'Telfer growth opportunities' section below for further details.
Inventory sources
The updated Telfer 2-Year Outlook comprises inventory from the following
sources (refer Table 2 and Figures 1 - 3).
Table 2: Inventory sources (Telfer 2-Year Outlook, FY26 - FY27)
Potential inventory source Description / status In Telfer 2-Year Outlook?
West Dome Open Pit (refer Figures 1 and 2)
Stage 8 Current active mining area ✔
Stage 2 Current active mining area ✔
Stage 7 Cutback Ore Reserve, approved and commenced mining March Q 25 ✔
Stage 2 Extension Ore Reserve, approved and continuation of Stage 2 ✔
Stage 7 Extension East expansion of the Stage 7 Cutback, drilling underway ✔ (1)
Central Extension Large potential cutback to north of Stage 2 Extension -
South Extension Large potential cutback to south of West Dome Open Pit -
Main Dome Open Pit Exploration target, historical mining area -
Main Dome Underground (refer Figure 3)
M-Reefs Current active mining area ✔
A-Reefs Current active mining area ✔
Rey Current active mining area ✔
ESC Exploration Target, drilling underway ✔
LLU Near mine high confidence Mineral Resource ✔
VSC Large multi-year underground sublevel cave potential -
West Dome Underground New potential underground mining area -
Stockpiles
ROM 9.6Mt at 0.68g/t Au and 0.07% Cu at 31 Dec 2024 ✔
LG 20.3Mt at 0.33g/t Au and 0.04% Cu at 31 Dec 2024 ✔ (2)
Havieron Underground Havieron production expected to commence during FY28. Feasibility Study will -
assess an initial mining rate (post ramp-up) of 2.8Mtpa, increasing to between
4.0 - 4.5Mtpa
Notes to Table 2:
1. Updated Telfer 2-Year Outlook includes only a portion of the West
Dome Open Pit Stage 7 Extension, with this cutback planned to extend a further
year of mining beyond FY27.
2. Updated Telfer 2-Year Outlook includes only 1.1Mt of LG Stockpiles,
with ~19Mt of further LG Stockpiles (Ore Reserves) expected to remain at the
beginning of FY28.
Figure 1: Telfer 2-Year Outlook mining areas (West Dome Open Pit, Plan View)
Figure 2: Telfer 2-Year Outlook mining areas (West Dome Open Pit, Long
Section)
Notes to Figures 1 and 2:
1. Stage 2 Extension and Stage 7 Cutback areas (shaded red) are
included in the 2024 Telfer Ore Reserve and approved for mining. Mining of
Stage 7 Cutback commenced in the March 2025 Quarter.
2. Stage 7 Extension (shaded blue) sits within the current site LOM
plans and is a natural progression of the Stage 7 Cutback mining area,
removing the entire saddleback between northern and southern parts of West
Dome Open Pit. This cutback extends a further year from July 2027, and as such
a significant portion is not included in the 2 Year Outlook. Drilling is
currently underway.
Figure 3: Telfer 2-Year Outlook mining areas (Main Dome Underground)
Classification
The classification of inventory in the updated Telfer 2-Year Outlook is shown
in Figure 4 below.
In aggregate for FY26 to FY27 the Telfer 2-Year Outlook comprises 79% Measured
/ Indicated Resource, 16% Inferred Resource, and 5% Exploration Target.
Figure 4: Telfer 2-Year Outlook gold production by JORC Classification
(percentage, FY26 - FY27)
The estimated Ore Reserves, Mineral Resources and Exploration Targets
underpinning the Telfer 2-Year Outlook have been prepared by Competent Persons
in accordance with the requirements in the JORC Code. The Telfer 2-Year
Outlook and the estimated Ore Reserves, Mineral Resources and Exploration
Target underpinning them (as applicable) have been reviewed by SRK Consulting
(Australasia) Pty Ltd (SRK), and SRK considers them to have been reported in
accordance with guidelines and principles outlined in the 2012 edition of the
Australasian Code for the Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources
and Ore Reserves (the JORC Code, 2012 edition). The Telfer 2-Year Outlook is
a Production Target; refer to the cautionary statement above in the Highlights
summary.
Physicals and Operating Cost Summary
Table 3: Telfer 2-Year Outlook summary physicals and operating costs for
period FY26-27
Source West Dome Main Dome Underground Stockpiles (LG) Total
Open Pit
Mining
Waste (Mt) 30.3 0.3 - 30.6
Inventory Mined (Mt) (1) 25.4 3.4 - 28.8
Total (Mt) 55.7 3.7 - 59.4
W:O Strip Ratio 1.19 - - -
Milling
Inventory Milled (Mt)(2,3) 30.0 3.4 1.1 34.6
Milled Grade (g/t Au) 0.52 1.46 0.33 0.61
Milled Grade (% Cu) 0.05% 0.31% 0.04% 0.07%
Gold Recovery (%) 84.7% 90.6% 78.5 % 86.0%
Copper Recovery (%) 61.6% 85.6% 45.0% 71.5%
Gold recovered (koz Au)(3) 443 145 9 597
Copper recovered (kt Cu) 9 9 0 18
Operating Costs (A$/t processed)
Mining 19.5 123.0 - 29.1
Processing 15.2
General and Administration 4.8
AISC (A$/oz gold recovered)(5) 2,670
Notes to Table 3:
1. West Dome Open Pit Inventory Mined includes dump leach tonnes but
does not include stockpiles rehandling tonnes
2. West Dome Open Pit Inventory Milled includes stockpiles tonnes but
excludes dump leach tonnes
3. Inventory Milled does not include dump leach tonnes, however gold
recovered includes recovered dump leach gold ounces
4. Normal pit and underground haulage cost, including rehandling on
the ROM, is included in each area's mining costs. Rehandle cost for the LG
stockpiles are included in the processing cost as it does not incur a mining
cost.
5. All-in sustaining cost (AISC) is stated per ounce of gold
produced, net of by-product (copper) credits. AISC excludes inventory
movements which mainly relate to stockpiles acquired as part of the Telfer
acquisition at 4 December 2024
Havieron
As the Havieron Feasibility Study remains in progress, no allowance for
production estimates or associated capital expenditure for Havieron has been
included in the Telfer 2-Year Outlook. After the Havieron Feasibility Study
has been completed, Greatland will be in a position to update the market on
the outlook for integrated Telfer and Havieron operations.
Processing of Havieron ore is expected to begin during FY28, augmenting Telfer
production with high grade ore feed. The timing of commencement of Havieron
gold production remains subject to completion of the Feasibility Study, final
investment decision (FID) and receipt of required approvals and permits within
expected timeframes. The Feasibility Study will include define an executable
project schedule for Havieron.
Base case
Greatland's Admission Document dated 10 September 2024 set out a base case
Havieron development and mine plan, reviewed and reported on in the Competent
Person's Report contained in the Admission Document.
The Havieron base case demonstrated a compelling multi-decade Havieron mine
plan, for:
§ Havieron to operate with a steady state mining throughput rate of 2.8Mtpa
and average grade processed of 2.74g/t Au and 0.32% Cu;
§ Havieron ore to be processed through the Telfer processing facility, with
utilisation of a single processing train through Telfer's Train 1 circuit at
750t/h, on a campaign basis at approximately 50% utilisation;
§ Havieron to produce on average 221koz Au annually during steady state
operations, first 15 years;
§ a steady state operational period of 15 years, total mine life of 20 years,
and total processing period of 19 years; and
§ first development ore production from Havieron in H2 2026, and first gold
in H2 2027.
Expansion case
Greatland is currently completing the Feasibility Study for Havieron to refine
the base case, incorporate optimisation opportunities to the extent they are
identified and validated, and define an executable project schedule and
capital expense estimate for the completion of Havieron's development.
Greatland is pleased to confirm that the Feasibility Study design criteria has
been finalised, with the study to assess an initial mining rate of 2.8Mtpa
(post ramp-up), increasing to between 4.0Mtpa - 4.5Mtpa by development of an
underground crusher and material handling system (Expansion Case).
The Expansion Case remains subject to ongoing assessment in the Feasibility
Study, however it is expected to be significantly value accretive for the
following reasons:
§ Telfer infrastructure has sufficient capacity to process increased Havieron
ore feed.
§ Planned haul road and infrastructure corridor between Telfer and Havieron
does not need to be expanded to accommodate increased Havieron throughput.
§ Havieron site infrastructure only requires moderate expansion to
accommodate increased throughput.
§ Development of the underground crusher and material handling system is
expected to be largely self-funded from Havieron cash flows.
The Havieron Feasibility Study is in progress and due for completion in H2
CY2025. First production from Havieron is expected during FY28. While
Greatland awaits the executable project schedule to be delivered as part of
the Feasibility Study, de-risking of the project schedule through critical
path analysis is being undertaken (including through the award of the early
works package for blind bore ventilation shafts, as announced on
14 April 2025).
Telfer extension opportunities
There are a number of Telfer growth and extension opportunities outside the
Telfer 2-Year Outlook, shown in Figure 5 below.
Figure 5: Telfer extension and growth opportunities
West Dome Open Pit
The evaluation of multiple extension opportunities within the active West Dome
Open pit operations are continuing, with work to date identifying the Stage 7
Extension (part of which is included in the Telfer 2-Year Outlook, Central
Extension and Southern Extension (Figure 5) as priority drilling areas.
West Dome Underground
The West Dome Underground Project (WDU) at Telfer is a high grade near-mine
underground opportunity, below the West Dome Open Pit, accessible by an
existing 1.9km exploration drive connecting it to the active Main Dome
underground.
Results from the maiden underground drill program (announced on 20 February
2025) confirmed high grade mineralisation in the WDU is associated with the
same geological units seen at the active Main Dome Underground. The drilling
program's success supported the approval and commencement in the March 2025
quarter of a second 1.8km development drive from the Main Dome Underground to
West Dome Underground.
The WDU is a priority drill area for Greatland with two underground diamond
drill rigs mobilising to site to carry out an extensive infill and expansion
program.
Main Dome Underground
The recently announced Telfer 2024 Mineral Resource (announced in March 2025)
identified 5.6Mt @ 2.65g/t & 0.56% Cu of Indicated & 2.3Mt @ 2.55g/t
& 0.39% Cu of Inferred Mineral Resources, all situated within the current
Main Dome Underground footprint. Significant potential exists for a
considerable portion of this material to be incorporated into upcoming mine
inventory with further evaluation.
Outside of the 2024 Telfer Mineral Resource, the VSC (vertical stockwork
corridor) is an area of unclassified mineralisation predominantly comprised of
a large low-grade mineralised breccia and stockwork and is the continuation of
the mineralisation previously mined at Telfer via sublevel caving (SLC). The
VSC is considered to have the potential to be a long-life mining front with
both geological and engineering evaluation work scheduled for 2025.
Main Dome Open Pit
The potential Main Dome Stage cutback proposes the mining out of the eastern
ramp, by establishing alternate access form the south, along the western side
of the existing pit (Figure 5). This proposed cutback targets the
continuation of well understood mineralisation (E Reefs and Middle Vale Reef)
that was the focus of previous open pit mining. As with the West Dome
cutbacks, this cutback was not considered economic under previous ownership at
their metal price and cost assumptions and will be re-evaluated at Greatland's
metal price and cost assumptions.
Greatland 2024 Group Ore Reserve Statement
The 2024 Group Ore Reserve consists of:
§ Telfer:
‒ Two extensions to the currently active West Dome Open Pit mine; the
Stage 7 Cutback and Stage 2 Extension (refer Figures 1 - 2);
‒ ROM and LG stockpiles;
‒ Dump leach material; and
§ Havieron Underground.
Table 4: 2024 Group Ore Reserve Statement
Area Proven Probable Combined
Tonnes Au Cu Tonnes Au Cu% Tonnes Au Cu Au Cu
(Mt)
g/t
%
(Mt)
(Mt)
g/t
%
(koz)
(kt)
(g/t)
Telfer: West Dome Open Pit - - - 14.2 0.60 0.05 14.2 0.60 0.05 273 8
Telfer Stockpiles (ROM) 9.6 0.68 0.07 - - - 9.6 0.68 0.07 209 6
Telfer Stockpiles - - - 20.3 0.33 0.04 20.3 0.33 0.04 215 9
(LG)
Telfer Dump Leach (DL) - - - 2.0 0.23 - 2.0 0.23 - 15 -
Telfer (total) (2) 9.6 0.68 0.07 36.5 0.43 0.05 46.1 0.48 0.05 712 23
Havieron Underground (3) - - - 24.9 2.98 0.44 24.9 2.98 0.44 2,391 109
Group total 9.6 0.68 0.07 61.4 1.47 0.20 71.0 1.36 0.19 3,103 132
Notes:
1. 2024 Group Ore Reserves are reported as at 31 December 2024. Grades
are reported to two decimal places to reflect appropriate precision in the
estimate, and this may cause apparent discrepancies in totals.
2. Telfer:
- The 2024 Telfer Ore Reserve estimate is based on the December
2024 Telfer Mineral Resource detailed in the Company's announcement of 18
March 2025 titled '2024 Group Mineral Resource Statement'.
- Cut-offs for the Telfer Ore Reserve are applied based on net
smelter return (NSR) for each mining location, averaging A$24.8/t processed
for open pits and A$13.7/t to 17.2/t processed for stockpiles, and metal
prices of A$3,450/oz and $4.16/lb copper and exchange rate of 0.65 USD per
AUD.
- Material assumptions on which the Telfer Ore Reserve is based
are detailed in the Material Information Summary included in this announcement
and in the technical information included in the appendices. While the Company
considers all the material assumptions to be based on reasonable grounds,
there is no certainty that they will prove to be correct.
- No comparison is made to historical Ore Reserves. Refer to the
'Material Information Summary: Telfer Ore Reserve' in this announcement for
further explanation.
3. Havieron:
- Refer to Greatland's announcement of 3 March 2022 titled
'Havieron Resource and Reserve Update'.
- Cut-offs for the Havieron Ore Reserve are applied based on an
NSR of A$95/t processed, and metal prices of U$1,450/oz and U$3.23/lb copper
and exchange rate of 0.73 USD per AUD.
- Reserves are reported within mining shapes based on a sub-level
open stoping mining method. All reported metal was derived from the SE
Crescent geological zone only and only the Indicated Mineral Resource
component thereof.
- The Company confirms that it is not aware of any new information
or data that materially affects the March 2022 Havieron Ore Reserve estimate,
and that all material assumptions and technical parameters underpinning the
estimate continue to apply and have not materially changed. Although the
Havieron Feasibility Study is in progress and will differ from the March 2022
Havieron Reserve Case, it remains incomplete and accordingly Greatland
considers that the Havieron March 2022 Reserve Case remains appropriate to
present in the Greatland Group Ore Reserves.
This initial Telfer Ore Reserve estimate has been prepared on schedule in
preparation for the Company's upcoming ASX listing, within a relatively short
time since completion of the Telfer acquisition, and four weeks from
completion of Greatland's inaugural Telfer Mineral Resource estimate.
Accordingly, the Ore Reserve assessed only the West Dome Open Pit Stage 7
Cutback and Stage 2 Extension, and already mined stockpiles. Further West Dome
Open Pit extension opportunities and the Telfer underground will be assessed
in the Company's next Ore Reserve update.
Telfer is an operating mine with substantive experience in the current mining
locations. This Ore Reserve Estimate is a natural extension of the current
operations to account for significant upside movement in the metal price
assumptions since the last mine design update was completed under previous
ownership, and to incorporate ongoing updates to the Mineral Resource model.
The West Dome Open Pit continues to employ truck and shovel operations,
executed by the same contractor since 2016. The extensions to the open pits
are all within the current approved pit boundary and supported by the existing
infrastructure and mining fleet, therefore requiring very low capital
investment. The existing low-grade stockpiles operating performance, included
in the Ore Reserve estimate, is well understood from recent processing
operations. The modifying factors applied to convert the Mineral Resource to
an Ore Reserve are therefore well understood and based on a proven operating
history.
Conference Call
Shaun Day (Managing Director) and Rowan Krasnoff (Head of Business
Development) will host a conference call for shareholders, research analysts
and interested stakeholders this Wednesday, 16 April 2025 at 1:00 pm AWST
(3.00 pm AEST, 6:00 am BST).
To listen in live, please click on this link and register your details:
https://webcast.openbriefing.com/greatlandgold-ann-2025/
(https://webcast.openbriefing.com/greatlandgold-ann-2025/)
It is recommended to log on at least five minutes before the commencement time
to ensure you are joined in time for the start of the call. A recording of
the call will be available on the same link after the conclusion of the
webcast.
Group Mineral Resources Statement
Greatland's group Mineral Resources at 31 December 2024 comprised 285Mt @
1.1g/t Au and 0.14% Cu, for 10.2Moz gold and 387kt copper, consisting of the
2024 Telfer Mineral Resource Estimate (MRE) (refer to Greatland's announcement
dated 18 March 2025 titled '2024 Group Mineral Resource Statement') and the
previously reported Havieron MRE (refer to Greatland's announcement dated 21
December 2023 titled 'Havieron Mineral Resource Estimate Update'). There has
been no material change to the Telfer MRE and Havieron MRE since their
respective releases.
Table 5: 2024 Group Mineral Resource Statement
Area Measured Indicated Inferred Combined
Tonnes Au Cu Tonnes Au Cu% Tonnes Au Cu Tonnes Au Cu Au Cu
(Mt)
g/t
%
(Mt)
(Mt)
g/t
%
(Mt)
g/t
%
(Moz)
(kt)
g/t
Havieron Deposit - - - 50 2.60 0.33 81 1.10 0.13 131.0 1.67 0.21 7.0 270
Telfer West Dome Open Pit - - - 28.8 0.57 0.05 86.8 0.55 0.05 115.6 0.55 0.05 2.1 61
Telfer Main Dome Underground - - - 5.6 2.65 0.56 2.3 2.55 0.39 7.9 2.62 0.51 0.7 40
Telfer Stockpiles 10.3 0.68 0.07 20.3 0.33 0.04 - - - 30.6 0.45 0.05 0.4 16
Combined 10.3 0.68 0.07 104.7 1.60 0.21 170 0.84 0.09 285 1.11 0.14 10.2 387
Notes:
Mineral Resources are reported as at 31 December 2024, grades are reported to
two decimal places to reflect appropriate precision in the estimate, and this
may cause apparent discrepancies in totals. Cutoffs for the Telfer MRE are
applied based on a NSR using metal prices of A$3,450/oz Au and A$5.30/lb Cu
for the West Dome cutback & stockpiles and A$3,150/oz and A$5.30/lb for
the Main Dome underground. Cutoffs for the Havieron Deposit Mineral
Resources were based on a NSR using metal prices of A$2,360/oz Au and
A$5.20/lb Cu.
Material Information Summary: Telfer Ore Reserve
A Material Information Summary for the Telfer Ore Reserve is provided in
accordance with JORC Code 2012 Edition requirements. The Assessment and
Reporting Criteria in accordance with the JORC Code 2012 are presented in
Appendix 1.
The Telfer Ore Reserve estimate is based on the December 2024 Mineral
Resource, as detailed in the Company's announcement dated 18 March 2025 titled
'2024 Group Mineral Resource Statement'. Ore Reserves are a subset of Measured
and Indicated Mineral Resources only.
Ore Reserves have been generated from design studies based on current
operating experience at the Telfer mine and are considered to a
Pre-Feasibility level of accuracy or better. Appropriate cost, geotechnical,
slope design, dilution, recovery, cut-off grade and mining and metallurgical
recovery parameters are specific to each pit stage and material type and are
based on current and historical operating practice.
Mining methods applied are extensions of the current operations and considered
the most appropriate method for the specific resource. GEOVIA Whittle(TM) and
Vulcan (open pit) mining software was used to create mine designs. An
A$3,450/oz gold price and A$4.6/lb copper price have been used to establish
Ore Reserves and determine appropriate cut-off grades.
Mining, milling and additional overhead costs are based on currently
contracted and budgeted operating costs. Mill recoveries for all ore types are
based upon operating experience or metallurgical test work. Ore Reserves
consider environmental, tenement, government and infrastructure approvals
along with transportation requirements to market. Telfer is an operating site
and has all the required major infrastructure such as power generation,
processing, waste rock and tailings disposal, process and potable water, camp,
airport, access roads and port handling facilities.
Stockpiles consist of ROM stocks and low-grade stocks both mined by Greatland
and accumulated by previous owners.
Open Pit Methodology
Ore Reserves are based on pit designs - with appropriate modifications to the
original Whittle shell outlines to ensure compliance with practical mining
parameters.
Geotechnical parameters aligned to the open pit Ore Reserves are either based
on observed existing pit performance specifics or domain specific expectations
/ assumptions. Various geotechnical reports and retrospective reconciliations
were considered in the design parameters.
No further mine dilution is applied to the resource model as the smallest
sub-cell in the block model is larger than the minimum mining unit of the
current mining equipment in operation. An ore loss of 6% was applied to
insitu tonnes to account for losses during mining.
Minimum mining widths have been accounted for in the designs as per the
current operating fleet, with the utilisation of CAT793 trucking parameters
and CAT6060 digger parameters.
No specific ground support requirements are needed outside of suitable pit
slope design criteria based on specific geotechnical domains. Mining sequence
is included in the mine scheduling process for determining the economic
evaluation and takes into account available operating time and mining
equipment size and performance.
No Inferred material is included within the open pit Ore Reserve, though in
various pit shapes Inferred material is present. In these situations this
Inferred material is classified as waste.
Historical Ore Reserves
The last historical Ore Reserves reported for the Telfer mine were by Newcrest
Mining Limited (Newcrest) in July 2023. Following Newmont Mining Corporation
(Newmont) acquiring Newcrest (and accordingly Telfer) in November 2023,
Newmont reported those reserves as Mineral Resources, given the different gold
and copper price assumptions used to support Newmont's Ore Reserves.
Newmont did not use short term mine life pricing, and a projected forward
price curve from spot to reserve pricing to support financial evaluation was
discounted. This Telfer Ore Reserve has considered the relevant historical Ore
Reserves practices and modifying factors, as the Telfer mine is an ongoing
operation, but has been re-estimated using Greatland's processes and
assumptions since taking ownership and management of the Telfer mine in
December 2024.
Further detail regarding the Ore Reserve estimate is set out in the JORC 2012
Table 1 Reporting Criteria contained in Appendix 1.
Material Information Summary: Telfer 2-Year Outlook
Relevant Proportions of Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves underpinning the
Production Target
The Telfer 2-Year Outlook has Production Targets for FY26 - FY27 of:
FY26 FY27 Average
Production (koz Au) 300 - 340 260 - 300 280 - 320
Production (kt Cu) 9 - 13 5 - 9 7 - 11
AISC(2) (A$/oz) 2,400 - 2,600 2,750 - 2,950 -
In aggregate, the Production Target for FY26 - FY27 comprises 79% Measured /
Indicated Resources, 16% Inferred Resources and 5% Exploration Target.
Material Assumptions
The material assumptions on which the Telfer 2-Year Outlook is based are
provided below and in Appendix 1.
§ The Mineral Resources, Ore Reserves, and Exploration Target underpinning
the Telfer 2-Year Outlook Production Target have been prepared by Competent
Persons in accordance with the requirements of the JORC 2012 Code, and set out
in the Table 1 Reporting Criteria contained in Appendix 1.
§ The Telfer 2-Year Outlook Production Target is underpinned by the Telfer
December 2024 Mineral Resource and this Ore Reserve.
§ Gold prices of A$3,450/oz (West Dome Open Pit and Stockpiles) and
A$3,000/oz (Main Dome Underground) were used for optimisations to develop the
Production Target mine designs.
§ The West Dome Open Pit and Main Dome Underground are currently in
production, meaning that the proposed Telfer 2-Year Outlook is a natural
extension of the current operations and therefore matters affecting the
modifying factors such as mining performance, mining and geotechnical
modifying factors, processing throughput and metallurgical recoveries and cost
structures are well understood.
§ Telfer 2-Year Outlook is a sub-set of a longer life mine plan for Telfer.
Greatland expects Havieron production to begin during FY28, augmenting Telfer
production. As the Havieron Feasibility Study remains in progress no allowance
for production estimates or associated capital expenditure has been included
in this Telfer 2-Year Outlook. After the Havieron Feasibility Study has been
completed, Greatland will be in a position to update the market on the outlook
for integrated Telfer and Havieron operations.
§ Financial modelling includes updated cost and metallurgical recoveries in
line with those applied to the Ore Reserve estimate. For financial modelling,
consensus forecast pricing (February 2025) was used as follows:
FY26 FY27
Gold Price (A$/oz) 4,030 3,797
Copper Price (A$/lb) 6.58 6.58
AUD:USD 0.66 0.66
Gold price is further supported by put options Greatland has executed for a
remaining 116koz at a strike price of A$3,905/oz in CY2025 and for 150koz at
A$4,200/oz in CY2026.
§ 16% of the Production Target for FY26 - 27 is sourced from Inferred Mineral
Resources. West Dome Open Pit cutbacks at Telfer have routinely contained a
component of inferred material and reconciliation of similar material mined in
CY2023 (the last full production year prior to Telfer processing disruptions
in CY2024) indicated that this material reconciled well. Based on the historic
performance and drill results to date Greatland considers it acceptable to
include this Inferred material into the Production Target on an annualised
basis. Greatland cannot however be certain that the Inferred material will
convert to Indicated Mineral Resources or that the Production Target itself
will be realised.
§ 5% of the Production Target is sourced from the Telfer Underground
Exploration Target. This is discussed below in the 'Basis of Telfer
Underground Exploration Target' section.
Cautionary Statement concerning the proportion of Inferred Mineral Resources
There is a low level of geological confidence associated with Inferred Mineral
Resources and there is no certainty that further exploration work will result
in the determination of Indicated Mineral Resources or that the Production
Target itself will be realised.
Basis for Telfer Underground Exploration Target
Telfer Exploration Targets were first announced in Greatland's Admission
Document dated 10 September 2024 as part of a combined Telfer Underground and
Open Pit Exploration Target.
Since acquisition the Company has conducted a review of several of these areas
of unclassified mineralisation, upgrading them to a Mineral Resource as
announced in March 2024 (see announcement of 18 March 2025 titled '2024 Group
Mineral Resource Statement').
(https://polaris.brighterir.com/public/greatland_gold/news/rns/story/xolmj3x)
An outcome of this review has been the decision to carry out an additional
phase of drilling within the Eastern Stockwork Corridor (ESC) before
considering it for classification as a Mineral Resource, this drilling is
underway with 16 holes for 3,821 metres drilled by the end of March, with the
program scheduled to be completed by June 2025.
As such the ESC is being restated as an Exploration Target, as follows:
Tonnes (Mt) Au g/t Cu % Au (koz) Cu (kt)
1.0 - 2.0 1.2 - 1.8 0.1 - 0.4 40 - 115 1.5 - 7.0
Note: Grades are reported to one decimal place to reflect appropriate
precision in the estimate, and this may cause apparent discrepancies in
totals.
The ESC is a mineralised vein array occurring at the intersection of the
monocline structure and a competent quartzite unit occurring between the M30
and M35 reefs. The ESC orebody is located adjacent to existing infrastructure
in the upper section of the Main Dome underground, and similar to the A-Reef
and M-Reefs, this orebody as a whole does not support the Telfer operation
without additional ore sources.
The current drill spacing varies from 50m in the well-informed sections to
>100m towards the northern and southern limits. Drilling is predominately
diamond drilling. The supporting data for this Exploration Target spans a
significant period, with most drilling being from 2020 onwards. All practices
with respect to drilling, sampling and analysis were carried out to the
industry standards at the time and the data is consider adequate to support
the respective exploration targets.
Cautionary Statement concerning the Exploration Target
The potential quantity and grade of these Exploration Targets is considered
conceptual in nature; as there has been insufficient work undertaken by the
Company to date to determine whether they should be classified as Mineral
Resources, and it is currently uncertain if further
work will result in the classification of a Mineral Resource.
Contact
For further information, please contact:
Greatland Gold plc
Shaun Day, Managing Director | Rowan Krasnoff, Head of Business Development
info@greatlandgold.com (mailto:info@greatlandgold.com)
Nominated Advisor
SPARK Advisory Partners
Andrew Emmott / James Keeshan / Neil Baldwin | +44 203 368 3550
Corporate Brokers
Canaccord Genuity | James Asensio / George Grainger | +44 207 523 8000
SI Capital Limited | Nick Emerson / Sam Lomanto | +44 148 341 3500
Media Relations
Australia - Fivemark Partners | Michael Vaughan | +61 422 602 720
UK - Gracechurch Group | Harry Chathli / Alexis Gore / Henry Gamble |
+44 204 582 3500
About Greatland
Greatland is a gold and copper mining company listed on the London Stock
Exchange's AIM Market (LSE:GGP) and operates its business from Western
Australia.
The Greatland portfolio includes the 100% owned Telfer gold-copper mine, the
adjacent 100% owned world class Havieron gold-copper project (under
development), and a significant exploration portfolio within the surrounding
region. The combination of Telfer and Havieron provides for a substantial and
long life gold-copper operation in the Paterson Province of Western Australia.
Greatland is targeting a cross listing on the ASX in the June quarter 2025.
Forward Looking Statements
This document includes forward looking statements and forward looking
information within the meaning of securities laws of applicable jurisdictions.
Forward looking statements can generally be identified by the use of words
such as "may", "will", "expect", "intend", "plan", "estimate", "anticipate",
"believe", "continue", "objectives", "targets", "outlook" and "guidance", or
other similar words and may include, without limitation, statements regarding
estimated reserves and resources, certain plans, strategies, aspirations and
objectives of management, anticipated production, study or construction dates,
expected costs, cash flow or production outputs and anticipated productive
lives of projects and mines.
These forward looking statements involve known and unknown risks,
uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, performance and
achievements or industry results to differ materially from any future results,
performance or achievements, or industry results, expressed or implied by
these forward-looking statements. Relevant factors may include, but are not
limited to, changes in commodity prices, foreign exchange fluctuations and
general economic conditions, increased costs and demand for production inputs,
the speculative nature of exploration and project development, including the
risks of obtaining necessary licences and permits and diminishing quantities
or grades of reserves, political and social risks, changes to the regulatory
framework within which Greatland operates or may in the future operate,
environmental conditions including extreme weather conditions, recruitment and
retention of personnel, industrial relations issues and litigation.
Forward looking statements are based on assumptions as to the financial,
market, regulatory and other relevant environments that will exist and affect
Greatland's business and operations in the future. Greatland does not give any
assurance that the assumptions will prove to be correct. There may be other
factors that could cause actual results or events not to be as anticipated,
and many events are beyond the reasonable control of Greatland. Forward
looking statements in this document speak only at the date of issue. Greatland
does not undertake any obligation to update or revise any of the forward
looking statements or to advise of any change in assumptions on which any such
statement is based.
Non-GAAP measures
Some of the financial performance measures used in this announcement are
non-IFRS financial measures, including "all-in sustaining cost", "total cash
cost", "net cash", "free cash flow", "sustaining capital" and "growth
capital". These measures are presented as they are considered to provide
useful information to assist investors with their evaluation of the business's
underlying performance. Since the non-IFRS performance measures listed herein
do not have any standardised definition prescribed by IFRS, they may not be
comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. Accordingly, they
are intended to provide additional information and should not be considered in
isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in
accordance with IFRS.
Competent Persons Statement
Exploration Targets
Information in the report pertaining to exploration results & exploration
targets at Telfer is based on, and fairly reflects, information and supporting
documentation compiled by Mr Michael Thomson, a member of the AIG (MAIG), who
has more than 22 years of relevant industry experience. Mr Thomson is a
full-time employee of the Company and has a financial interest in the Company.
Mr Thomson has sufficient experience relevant to the style of mineralisation,
type of deposit under consideration, and to the activity which he undertook,
to qualify as a Competent Person as defined by the JORC Code (2012) and as a
Qualified Person under the AIM Note for Mining, Oil and Gas Companies.
Mr Thomson consents to the inclusion in this document of the Telfer
Exploration Targets and references to them in the form and context in which
they appear.
Ore Reserves
The information in this report that relates to the Ore Reserves estimation for
Telfer Open Pit and Stockpiles is based on information, and fairly reflects
information and supporting documentation compiled by Mr Otto Richter, Group
Mining Engineer. Mr Richter is a full-time employee of the Company and has a
financial interest in the Company. Mr Richter is a Fellow of the Australasian
Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (FAusIMM 301723) and has over 25 years
relevant industry experience. Mr Richter has sufficient experience that is
relevant to the style of mineralisation and type of deposits under
consideration and to the activity currently being undertaken to qualify as a
Competent Person as defined in the 2012 Edition of the 'Australasian Code for
Reporting Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves'. Mr Richter
consents to the inclusion of this announcement of the matters in the form and
context in which it appears.
Appendix 1 - JORC Tables
JORC 2012 Table 1: Section 1 - Sampling Techniques and Data (Telfer)
Criteria Commentary
Sampling techniques Resource definition drilling at Telfer involves a combination of reverse
circulation (RC) and diamond drilling throughout the mining period. For
diamond drilling, samples are taken according to lithological boundaries, with
geologists defining sample intervals and selecting the assay methodology.
Historically, high-grade reef samples were sent for screen fire assay, while
other samples underwent fire assay for gold and additional elements.
Core sizes for resource drilling usually range from NQ to PQ, while smaller
sizes (NQ or LTK60) are used for grade control. Diamond drilling typically
samples lithological units with lengths between 0.2 to 1.2 meters, with
1-meter intervals being most common and they are barcoded and submitted for
laboratory analysis.
Historically, RC drilling typically produces 1-meter samples, from which a 2-5
kg sub-sample is taken using a riffle splitter, then pulverised for gold
assay. Earlier RC drilling involved samples from 0.5-meter to 2-meter
intervals, with the small intervals were used to target reefs. Recent RC
drilling for resource definition uses 1-meter intervals and split using cone
splitter from which a 2-5 kg sub-sample is taken with bulk reject material
stored temporarily. While grade control uses 2-meter intervals and split using
cone splitter. All RC drilling has field duplicates conducted at a 1:20 ratio.
Rock chip samples, collected manually from exposed development faces, are
typically 2-3 kg, collected perpendicular to bedding, and include all relevant
domains (reef, hanging wall, footwall). These samples are stored in
pre-numbered bags for analysis.
Drilling techniques Drilling at the Telfer has evolved over time, following industry-standard
protocols. Before 1998, drilling targeted mainly previously mined areas, while
from 1998 to 2002, diamond drilling formed the primary data source for current
Mineral Resource estimates, supplemented by RC drilling. Currently, RC
drilling is the primary data source for the open pit resources and diamond
drilling for underground resources. Currently, NQ2 is the dominant drill
size for diamond drilling and RC Drilling is drilled with a pre-collar of
143mm then reduced to 134mm diameter.
Additional core sizes, including NQ, HQ, HQ3, LTK60, and limited PQ and BQ,
have also been used at Telfer. LTK60 and BQ have mainly been used for grade
control. The Reflex orientation tool is used by drillers, with all core
being oriented using Ezy-Mark to mark the bottom of the hole. The core is then
re-constructed in V-Rail, where the orientation line is drawn along the core.
Drill sample recovery Core recovery data from diamond drilling is systematically recorded by
comparing drillers' depth blocks with database records and is stored in the
geological database. If excessive core loss occurs, a wedge hole is often
drilled to recover the lost interval. A review in 2019 confirmed no
significant relationship between sample recovery and grade for either core or
RC samples, with high core recovery minimising potential loss effects.
Following the review, weighing each RC sample at the rig was implemented to
ensure consistent sample support in resource estimation.
Logging Geological logging is conducted for all diamond and reverse circulation (RC)
drill holes, capturing lithology, alteration, mineralisation, veining, and
structure (for diamond core). Diamond drill holes are also quantitatively
logged for veining, vein percentage, and structure. All drill core is
photographed before sampling, using either slide film or digital cameras.
Logged data is validated before merging into the database, which contains over
1,000 km of logged geology, covering approximately 80% of total drilling. Rock
Quality Designation (RQD) is routinely recorded, with around 900 diamond holes
geotechnically assessed. The level of logging detail is appropriate for
resource estimation and related studies.
Sub-sampling techniques and sample preparation Sampling and quality control procedures are designed for the material being
tested. Geologists define sample intervals to avoid crossing key lithological
contacts and select appropriate assay methods. Diamond core is typically
sampled as half-core, while RC samples are collected dry, with conditions
recorded. Since 2015, cone splitters have replaced riffle splitters for RC
sampling, with field duplicates taken at a 1:20 ratio.
Core samples are processed through drying, crushing, and pulverising, with
historical standards requiring 90% passing 75 µm. Older RC drilling used
0.5-2 m intervals, while recent resource definition drilling follows 1 m
intervals (2 m for grade control), with a 5 kg primary split collected.
Samples are prepared at the Telfer lab, where they are crushed, sub-split, and
pulverised to 95% passing 106 µm. Gold is analysed via 30 g fire assay, while
base metals, sulphur, and arsenic are tested by ICP. Cyanide-soluble copper is
determined by bottle roll leach with AAS analysis. To ensure accuracy, 1 in 20
samples undergo external lab verification.
Quality of assay data and laboratory tests Assay and quality control protocols at the Telfer deposit have evolved to
align with industry standards. Before 1998, quality control procedures
followed industry norms of the time, with no major concerns identified. From
1998 onwards, protocols were enhanced, particularly during prefeasibility and
feasibility studies conducted between 1998 and 2002.
Samples are primarily prepared at the Telfer laboratory and then sent to
external commercial labs for analysis. Currently, all resource definition
samples have been assayed through a combination of the Telfer Laboratory and
the Bureau Veritas (BV) Commercial Lab in Perth and all grade control samples
have been sent through Telfer Laboratory. Gold is analysed using fire assay,
while multi-element analyses-including silver, arsenic, bismuth, copper, iron,
nickel, lead, sulphur, and zinc-are conducted using ICP techniques.
Cyanide-soluble copper is assessed via bottle roll leach with AAS analysis.
Since 1998, comprehensive quality control measures have been in place,
including the use of Certified Reference Materials (CRMs), blanks, duplicate
assays, blind pulp re-submissions and checks at independent laboratories.
Matrix-matched CRMs were introduced in 1999, and transition to multi-client
CRMs in 2018. Since 2000, Telfer's laboratory was managed by commercial
organisations until Telfer re-opening in 2002 has been managed by Newcrest and
now, Greatland.
Regular reviews of Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QAQC) procedures,
including sample resubmissions and bias assessments, help ensure data accuracy
and reliability. Monthly reports document any anomalies, with corrective
actions taken as needed. Comparison studies, including analyses of duplicate
pulp samples sent to external laboratories, confirm data precision, with a 90%
repeatability rate. The QAQC protocols and assay techniques used are
considered reliable for Mineral Resource estimation.
During the 2002 feasibility study, 13,570 pulp duplicate samples were
dispatched from the Telfer preparation laboratory for analysis at a check
laboratory. Insignificant bias was identified between the original and check
laboratories for gold (-0.8%) and copper (0.5%).
Verification of sampling and assaying Drill hole data is securely stored in an acQuire database, with stringent
controls to ensure data integrity and prevent errors or duplication. Data
collection, including collar coordinates, drill hole designation, logging, and
assaying, follows strict protocols to maintain accuracy. Validation involves
multiple stages, with input from geologists, surveyors, assay laboratories,
and down-hole surveyors where applicable.
Data entry has evolved from manual methods to direct digital input,
incorporating automated validation checks. Internal and external reviews
further enhance data quality before resource estimation. Resource data is
managed daily by site geologists, with additional verification by a
centralised resource team.
Sampling details are recorded digitally, utilising barcode and tracking
systems to monitor sample integrity throughout the process. Recent drilling
programs employ numbered bags for tracking consistency. Regular audits of both
internal and commercial laboratories ensure compliance with quality standards.
No assay data adjustments have been made in the Mineral Resource estimate.
Location of data points Mining operations at Telfer Gold Mine adhere to periodic reporting
requirements for the WA Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety
(DMIRS), using the MGA94/AHD coordinate system for official submissions.
However, site operations utilise the Telfer Mine Grid (TMG) and Telfer Height
Datum (THD), requiring coordinate transformations between the national and
operational coordinate systems.
This has been supplied by AAM Surveys in 1995 (AMG84 to Telfer Mine Grid) and
AAMHATCH in February 2007 (Telfer Mine Grid to MGA Transformation). Both
reports also addressed the height datum and in 2007 established the THD=AHD +
5193.7m.
A local grid covers the whole of the Telfer mine area (Telfer Mine Grid 2002).
It is oriented with grid north at 44o03'12' west of magnetic north.
Topographic control is maintained through a combination of surface and aerial
surveys, with routine updates for pits and underground voids. Drill hole
collars are surveyed upon completion by mine surveyors. The natural surface
topography, along with current pit surveys and underground voids (development,
stopes and vertical openings) are used to deplete the resources and account
for changes in mining areas at Telfer.
Downhole survey methods have evolved over time, progressing from early
single-shot cameras to modern electronic tools. Currently, drilling programs
include multi-shot surveys at regular intervals, with post-completion surveys
conducted at finer resolutions. Specific drilling campaigns may incorporate
gyroscopic surveys where required. Routine in-pit drilling, particularly for
pre-production and grade control, typically excludes downhole surveys, relying
on collar surveys for accuracy.
Data spacing and distribution The drill hole spacing is sufficient to demonstrate geological continuity
appropriate for the Mineral Resource and the classifications applied under the
2012 JORC Code.
The drill spacing applied to specific domains within the overall resource is
variable and is considered suitable for the style of mineralisation and
mineral resource estimation requirements.
Orientation of data in relation to geological structure The Telfer mine site topography is dominated by two large scale asymmetric
dome structures with steep west dipping axial planes. Main Dome is in the
southeast portion of the mine and is exposed over a strike distance of 3 km
north-south and 2 km east-west before plunging under transported cover. West
Dome forms the topographical high in the northwest quadrant of the mine and
has similar dimensions to Main Dome. Both fold structures have shallow to
moderately dipping western limbs and moderate to steep dipping eastern limbs.
Surface drilling is orientated to ensure optimal intersection angle for the
reefs. Underground drilling orientation may be limited by available collar
locations, but acceptable intersection angles are considered during the drill
hole planning process. No orientation bias has been indicated in the
drilling data.
Sample security Sample security is maintained through a tracking system from drilling to
database entry. While barcoding was previously used, it has been replaced with
pre-numbered calico bags for resource development and underground drilling
samples.
All sample movements, including dispatch details, drill hole identification,
sample ranges, and analytical requests, are recorded in a database. Any
discrepancies identified upon receipt by the laboratory are validated to
ensure data integrity.
Audits or reviews In-house reviews of data, QAQC results, sampling protocols and compliance with
corporate and site protocols are carried out at various frequencies by company
employees not closely associated with the Telfer projects. Procedure audits
and reviews are carried out by corporate employees during site visits.
JORC 2012 Table 1: Section 2- Reporting of Exploration Results (Telfer)
Criteria Commentary
Mineral tenement and land tenure status Mining and ore processing at Telfer operate under granted leases and licenses
covering all key infrastructure, including open pits, underground resources,
processing facilities, waste storage, and support services. The Telfer Main
Dome Underground Mineral Resource is within mining leases M45/6 and M45/8,
while the West Dome Mineral Resource, approximately 3km northwest of the Main
Dome open pit, lies within leases M45/7 and M45/33. These leases are currently
under renewal.
An Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA) has been in place since December 2015,
covering all operational aspects of the site. Telfer operations also remain
compliant with the Mining Rehabilitation Fund (MRF) levy.
Exploration done by other parties The Telfer district was first geologically mapped by the Bureau of Mineral
Resources in 1959, though no gold or copper mineralization was identified. In
1971, regional sampling by Day Dawn Minerals NL detected anomalous copper and
gold at Main Dome. From 1972 to 1975, Newmont Pty Ltd conducted extensive
exploration and drilling, defining an open pit reserve primarily in the Middle
Vale Reef.
In 1975, BHP Gold acquired a 30% stake in the project, and in 1990, Newmont
and BHP Gold merged their Australian assets to form Newcrest Mining Limited.
Newcrest managed exploration and resource drilling from 1990 until its
acquisition by Newmont Corp on November 6, 2023. Newmont later divested
Telfer, selling it to Greatland Gold on December 4, 2024, which now oversees
exploration and drilling activities.
Geology Telfer is located within the northwestern Paterson Orogen and is hosted by the
Yeneena Supergroup, a 9 km thick sequence of marine sedimentary rocks. Gold
and copper mineralization occurs in stratiform reefs and stockworks within the
Malu Formation of the Lamil Group, controlled by both structure and lithology.
Mineralisation styles include high-grade narrow reefs, reef stockwork
corridors, sheeted vein sets, and extensive low-grade stockwork, which forms
most of the sulphide resource. Sulphide mineralisation consists mainly of
pyrite and chalcopyrite, with copper minerals including chalcopyrite,
chalcocite, and bornite. Gold is primarily free-grained or associated with
sulphides and quartz/dolomite gangue, with a correlation between vein density
and gold grade.
The highest gold and copper grades occur within bedding sub-parallel reef
systems, including multiple reef structures in Main Dome, such as E-Reefs,
MVR, M10-M70 reefs, A-Reef, and B-Reefs (notably B30). Additional
mineralisation occurs in northwest-trending and north-dipping veins. Stockwork
mineralisation, found in open pits, Telfer Deeps, and the Vertical Stockwork
Corridor (VSC), is best developed in the axial zones of Main Dome and West
Dome, often extending over large areas (0.1 km to 1.5 km). It can include
brecciated zones filled with quartz, carbonate, and sulphides
Drill hole Information Not applicable to the mineral resource estimate.
Data aggregation methods Significant assay intercepts are reported using length-weighted averages based
on predefined thresholds, with a maximum allowable internal dilution. For
Mineral Resource estimates, data aggregation methods are aligned with
sampling, drilling, and recovery techniques. No exploration results are
included in this report, as it focuses on Ore Reserves and Mineral Resources.
Relationship between mineralisation widths and intercept lengths No exploration has been reported in this release, therefore there are no
relationships between mineralisation widths and intercept lengths to report.
This section is not relevant to this report on Ore Reserves and Mineral
Resources.
Diagrams As provided
Balanced reporting Significant assay intervals represent apparent widths, as drilling is not
always perpendicular to the dip of mineralisation. True widths are typically
less than downhole widths and can only be estimated once all results are
received and final geological interpretations are completed. No exploration
results are included in this report, so relationships between mineralisation
widths and intercept lengths are not applicable to the Ore Reserves and
Mineral Resources report.
Other substantive exploration data Not applicable to the mineral resource estimate.
Further work Further work is planned to evaluate exploration opportunities that extend the
known mineralisation and to improve confidence of the model.
JORC 2012 Table 1: Section 3 - Estimation and Reporting of Mineral Resources
(Telfer)
Criteria Commentary
Database integrity Data is stored in a SQL Server database known as acQuire. Assay data and
geological data are electronically loaded into acQuire and the database is
replicated in Greatlands centralised database system. Regular reviews of data
quality are conducted by site and corporate teams prior to resource
estimation.
Validation checks include but are not limited to:
· Duplicate drill hole identifier.
· Overlapping FROM and TO intervals values in the geology,
oxidation state, assay, density, core size, and recovery tables.
· Duplicate records.
· Other checks made outside the SQL environment include but are not
limited to:
· Down hole survey dip and bearing angles appear reasonable.
· All collar co-ordinates were within the permit area.
· Any anomalous assay, density or sample recovery values.
Site visits The Competent Person for Telfer Mineral Resources regularly visits the site.
Geological interpretation All interpretations were undertaken by site-based geologists.
MDU Block Model
The MDU Block Model wireframe interpretations were constructed in Leapfrog
software using implicit modelling interpolations from primary logging codes
extracted from the Acquire database. The Main Dome Underground model includes
the Lower M-Reef horizons (from M52 downward), the A Reefs horizons, Kylo, B30
Reef, LLU, Rey LLU and Rey AR, Oakover Vein, Wedge, North Finn and intervening
Stockwork mineralisation.
The Lower M Reefs comprise both intermittent reef but more significantly zones
of stockwork mineralisation, as such each of these are modelled as mineralised
corridors. The same approach has been applied to the A Reef interpretation
with multiple corridors of reef and stockwork mineralisation defined.
Kylo also comprise high-grade mineralised breccia\stockwork and is
stratabound.
The LLU is a mineralised stratigraphic layer that is guided by the well know
dome-shaped stratigraphy in Main Dome and monocline structure. The western
limb of the LLU has been the target of bulk stoping in mining areas called
Western Flanks.
In the south-eastern of the lower mine, thrust structures have been identified
that offset and dilate the eastern limb stratigraphy. High-grade veining has
formed in the dilation zone and two domains have been interpreted to capture
this mineralisation Rey LLU and Rey A-Reefs.
M-Reef Block Model
The Upper M Reefs (M20 to M50) are largely strataform, interpretation is
guided by the well-known dome shape stratigraphy. The Upper M-Reef mineral
resource consists of discrete reef wireframes constructed in Vulcan using
Sirovision mapping, wall mapping and sampling data from development drives,
and from drill hole intercepts. The thickness of the reef is honoured as far
as practicable in the interpretation process.
West Dome Block Model
The Telfer West Dome Deposit consists of a repeat of the Main Dome geological
units. Mineralisation styles include high-grade narrow reefs, reef stockwork
corridors, sheeted vein sets, and extensive low-grade stockwork, which forms
most of the sulphide resource.
The primary estimation domains are based on stratigraphy. The estimates
refrained from detailed interpretations of E-Reefs as they are discontinuous
and complex to interpret. The estimate relies on an E-Reef corridor within the
appropriate stratigraphy to constrain grade estimation.
The M-Reefs domains in West Dome they have been interpreted as reef/stockwork
corridors from drill hole intercepts. The thickness of the reef is honoured
as far as practicable in the interpretation process and within the database,
defined by intercept domains. The M-Reefs are largely strataform,
interpretation is guided by the well-known dome shape stratigraphy.
The Leeder Hill Veins are sub-vertical veins sets that run west to east across
the West Dome Resource. They vary in thickness from 1 -10cm in thickness and
can appear as individual veins or vein sets.
Stockwork mineralisation is best developed in the axial zones of West Dome,
often extending over large areas (0.1 km to 1.5 km). It can include brecciated
zones filled with quartz, carbonate, and sulphides
Dimensions The maximum extent of the Telfer Mineral Resource is approximately 5 km x 1.5
km x 1.8km over the two dome complexes.
Estimation and modelling techniques Main Dome Underground Block Model:
Drill data used for the MDU Resource estimate include underground diamond
drilling and resource definition reverse circulation drilling.
Three composite databases were compiled for each element from the raw assay
database using 4 m composite lengths for bulk domains and 2m composite length
for more discrete domains like Lower M-Reefs, A-Reefs, Kylo and Rey Domains
and copper specific 4m composite that's coded for copper. The databases use
all available resource definition drill data and the 3-D wireframes from the
interpreted geological model. The majority of the raw assay file contains 1 or
2 m assay intervals.
Boundary contact analyses were undertaken on all stratigraphic and mineralised
domains. The result of this analysis forms the basis for the majority of the
stockwork sub-domaining decisions for the project. The analyses were conducted
using both the 4 m and 2m downhole composites for gold and copper. The
boundary analyses for both elements (Au and Cu) reveal that most of the domain
boundaries are hard and are accordingly estimated independently.
Exploratory data analysis was undertaken on the bulk and discrete domains with
4m and 2m composite data for gold, copper, sulphur, arsenic, and cobalt
assessed. Statistical reviews indicate that Stockwork domains have highly
variable distributions. The other domains contain lower variable distributions
due to their more homogeneous mineralisation style.
Due to the generally lower variability, it was decided to use OK for all other
domains except for stockwork
Ordinary Kriging is considered to be sub-optimal for estimating in highly
variable material without the need for aggressive top-cuts, due to the
potential over-representation of the extreme end of the data distribution. A
non-linear method such as Multiple Indicator Kriging (MIK) is considered to be
better suited for dealing with these highly variable data sets. MIK was used
to estimate gold and copper grade in the majority of stockwork domains. The
MIK estimate is e-type that directly estimates the model blocks with the
average grade of the cumulative distribution.
Top cutting (capping) was applied where appropriate for the OK estimations.
Metal at risk analysis was completed to inform the capping grades.
The non-economic elements are all estimated by ordinary kriging in all
domains. Cyanide soluble copper, sulphur, arsenic and cobalt variogram models
were generated by transforming the data to Gaussian space and back
transforming the resulting variogram model to raw space, as no robust
experimental variography could be obtained in raw space alone. All sills
have been normalised to 1.
The local varying anisotropy (LVA) rotation functionality provided by Vulcan
was used during OK and MIK estimation for the A-Reefs, LLU and B30 domains.
For each target block, a unique rotation can be set and used to control both
the variogram model and search neighbourhood rotation. These orientations are
derived from smoothed interpretations of the main stratigraphic surfaces that
define the overall geometry of the Main Dome anticline as applied to the
stratigraphically aligned mineralisation.
Upper M-Reef Block Models
Modelling of the reef volume / thickness for all reefs was determined using a
calculated hanging wall surface from reef domain intercepts. The vertical and
true width were determined using a dynamic anisotropy model of the footwall
and determining the reef dip and azimuth and calculating a vertical width and
true width.
Drill data used for the estimate included underground diamond drilling,
resource definition reverse circulation drilling and underground production
face samples with interpreted resource definition mineralisation surfaces.
Grade composites were determined by vertical reef grade accumulates as the
reef thickness varies between 0.01 m to approximately 2.0 m therefore a single
composite was generated for each reef intercept. Grade accumulates were
generated for gold, copper, cyanide soluble copper and sulphur, silver,
arsenic, cobalt and lead and determined by grade x width. The data was then
transformed into 2 dimensions and projected to a planar surface.
Exploratory data analysis (EDA) and variography analysis was conducted
Grade sensitivity tests were completed for each metal accumulate for each reef
and a high- and low-grade indicator was determined for the majority of the
reefs and elements. The composite files were then flagged for the indicators
and indicator variograms compiled. An Ordinary Kriged indicator model was
estimated and for each reef estimation block, a high grade and low-grade
proportion determined.
Variogram analysis for the metal accumulates was completed at the indicator
thresholds along with a review of the metal at risk for each reef and element.
Gold mineralisation anisotropy is consistent for all the reefs aligned
northeast, whereas copper, cyanide soluble copper and sulphur is less
consistent between reefs and can lie along either the northeast trend similar
to the gold trend or to the northwest along the dome hinge axis.
Ordinary Kriging was used for estimation of the metal accumulates in 2D space
for both the high- and low-grade indicator domains for each reef. Then using
the high grade and low-grade block proportions, an overall grade was
determined for each block estimate for each element.
Block grade estimates were then translated back into 3-dimensional resource
block models defined by the footwall and hanging wall surfaces of the reef.
The 2022 resource block dimensions and M20 Jan 25 resource block dimensions
are 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.2 m to eliminate volume variances that can exist when
reporting a narrow reef at larger block sizes.
West Dome Open Pit Block Model
The West Dome Open Pit Resource model includes estimates for gold, copper and
density along with attributes required for modelling metallurgical recovery
including cyanide soluble copper, sulphur, cobalt and arsenic.
A composite database was compiled for each element from the raw assay database
using 4 m composite lengths using the available resource definition drill data
and the 3-D wireframes from the geological model. Many of the wireframe
volumes overlap, reflecting the overprinting nature of various mineralising
events at Telfer. A priority sequence was developed whereby the main
mineralised reef structures were prioritised over bulk domains and background
stockwork mineralisation. The majority of the raw assay file contains 1 or 2 m
assay intervals. The composite length of 4 m was chosen to standardise sample
support and reflects the minimum Z sub-cell size (mining selectivity in the
reef corridor areas).
Boundary contact analyses were undertaken on all stratigraphic, oxidation and
mineralised reef domains. The results of this analysis forms the basis for the
majority of the stockwork sub-domaining decisions for the project. The
analyses were conducted using the 4 m downhole composites for gold, copper and
sulphur grade.
The West Dome Mineral Resource grade model is constructed with two components:
Stockwork domains (bounded by key stratigraphy contacts) and Reef\Stockwork
Corridor domains. The Telfer Reefs (M-Reefs) are stratabound and have
relatively uniform thickness over short range intervals. Grade distribution
within the reefs is also relatively consistent with regionally separated areas
of on average high or low grades. Grade partitions are used to domain the
reefs into high-grade and low-grade domains using an indicator estimation
methodology.
The West Dome M-Reef Stockwork Corridors use ordinary kriging into the 3D
solid utilising local rotation functionality (LVA) in Vulcan. Variography and
estimation parameters were updated based on the revised interpretation of the
mineralisation style.
The stockwork gold mineralisation outside the reefs is highly positively
skewed with high Coefficient of Variation of between ~ 2 and 4. Ordinary
Kriging (OK) has been demonstrated to be sub-optimal for estimating such
highly variable material. Multiple Indicator Kriging (MIK) is considered best
suited for this type of mineralisation. Gold and copper were estimated using
MIK. The type of MIK is the e-type estimate; that is directly estimating the
model blocks with the average grade of the cumulative indicator distribution.
Indicator variograms for gold and copper were modelled for all Stockwork
domains.
The indicator thresholds were selected such that each bin has a reducing
balance of number of samples. Indicator variography was then undertaken on
gold and copper ensuring that nuggets increased and ranges decreased
consistently in modelling progressively higher cut-offs; this minimises order
relational problems in the MIK estimates.
Stockwork cyanide soluble copper, sulphur, arsenic and cobalt stockwork
estimates were estimated using Ordinary Kriging. Cyanide soluble copper,
sulphur, arsenic and cobalt variogram models were generated by transforming
the data to Gaussian space and back-transforming the resulting variogram model
to raw space.
The local rotation (LVA) functionality provided by Vulcan was used during
stockwork OK and MIK estimation. For each target block, a unique rotation
can be set and used to control both the variogram model and search
neighbourhood rotation. These orientations are derived from smoothed
interpretations of the main stratigraphic surfaces that define the overall
geometry of the West Dome anticline as applied to the stratigraphically
aligned mineralisation.
The block sizes in the resource models are 3.125 m x 3.125 m x 1 m for the
selective reef areas and 12.5 m x 12.5 m x 12 m for the bulk stockwork. All
modelling and estimation are done in commercially available software
supplemented with specialised algorithms coded within the package as required.
Moisture All tonnages are calculated and reported on a dry tonne basis.
Cut-off parameters A specific cut-off grade was not used. Each block within the resource model is
assigned a value based on an estimate of its net smelter return. Net smelter
return is calculated on a payable metal basis taking into account metal
prices, metallurgical recoveries, processing costs and realisation costs.
Value / profit cut-off includes mining costs, processing costs with assigned
sustaining capital and G&A components.
The reported NSR cutoffs for UG are:
• WF NSR COG= $46.55 (unchanged from Dec23)
• SW NSR COG= $74.26 (unchanged from Dec23)
• AReef NSR COG = $107.50 (unchanged from Dec23)
• REY NSR COG = $147.96 (unchanged from Dec23)
• KYLO NSR COG = $150 (unchanged from Dec23)
The reported NSR cutoff for Open Pit:
• West Dome COG = $24.78 (oretype 5 and oretype 6)
Consequently for stockpiled material, the material is estimated based on the
Grade Control criteria at the time of production.
Mining factors or assumptions The LLU, B30, Kylo, and Rey resource areas will be mined using bulk stope
mining, while the M20-M50 and A50-A80 areas will be mined using selective
narrow vein techniques. Resource estimates have been constrained by MSO
outlines to enhance mining feasibility. Fit-for-purpose models have been
developed for these methods, though future technological advancements may
enable alternative mining approaches.
Open-pit operations at Telfer use an excavator-loader fleet for selective ore
extraction, employing a 12 m bench height mined in 4 m flitches to minimise
ore dilution and loss. Bulk waste is removed in either a single 12 m pass or
three 4 m flitches. The Selective Mining Unit (SMU) is defined as 6.25 m x
6.25 m x 4.00 m, ensuring dilution control without additional mining dilution
or recovery factors applied to the resource estimate. The West Dome Mineral
Resource shells are constrained based on contract mining costs and value NSR
assessments
Metallurgical factors or assumptions The current Telfer plant has been operating since 2003.
The feed ore for the Telfer treatment plant is sourced from both open pit and
underground mining operations. Owing to the range of ore types with differing
mineralisation of both gold and copper, together with variation in ore
hardness, the treatment flowsheet is complex. Two parallel process trains have
been incorporated through the grinding and flotation circuits in the treatment
plant which has a nominal throughput capacity of 20 Mtpa but the throughput
rate varies between 17 Mtpa and 23 Mtpa dependent upon the ore
characteristics. The typical operating strategy is to blend ore to control ore
grade and hardness.
The circuit was designed to maximise the recovery of the valuable minerals,
with a flash flotation and gravity recovery section within the grinding
circuit to capture coarse gold. The milled product passes to the copper
flotation circuit where copper sulphides are recovered together with attached
gold and independently liberated gold particles. Tailings from the copper
circuit are processed through the pyrite flotation circuit with recovered
pyrite processed through a cyanidation leach circuit for final gold
extraction.
The gold is extracted from the leach liquor by means of adsorption onto
activated carbon followed by stripping and electrowinning. Two products are
generated - gold doré (gravity and pyrite float leach) and gold-bearing
copper concentrate. Minor amounts of oxide ore are processed in a dump leach
operation as an adjunct to the main treatment route, with the dump leach
output being incorporated within the overall gold doré production total.
Metallurgical recovery formulae are applied in the value estimations developed
from production history and reconciliations for each deposit. Typically, gold
and copper recoveries are a function of absolute gold grade, copper grade and
copper/sulphur and cyanide soluble/copper ratios to estimate either recovered
grade or estimated tails grades. Transport costs and realisation costs (TCRC)
of recovered metals plus smelting and royalty costs contribute to the
estimated block value.
Environmental factors or assumptions Telfer has a long history of mining and processing ore with the waste dump and
residue disposal facilities all currently in place in accordance with the
required statutory approvals. Statutory approvals under the Western Australian
Environmental Protection Act (EP Act) provide the umbrella approval for the
project. These approvals are reflected in Ministerial Approvals (issued by the
Minister for the Environment - Nos. 605 and 606). The approvals include both
environmental commitments made by Newcrest and conditions applied by the
Minister acting primarily on the recommendations of the Environmental
Protection Authority (EPA), which coordinated detailed assessment by
government agencies of potential environmental impacts and proponent-proposed
management plans to manage those impacts.
Performance against Ministerial Approval conditions is reported on a regular
basis and reviewed by the government.
Bulk density Bulk density measurements at Telfer are taken from 20 cm samples of DDH whole
core using the air-water method, with results stored in the acQuire database.
These measurements are conducted at nominal 20 m intervals and are assigned to
stratigraphic units and there oxidation/weathering profiles. Bulk densities
were extensively evaluated in the 2002 feasibility study and continue to be
re-evaluated and updated based on new data.
Certain domains, such as the reef domains, MVR, LLU, and Oakover, show greater
density variability due to high sulphide content, leading to bimodal
distributions in some areas and sulphur regression are used for these domains.
Density estimation follows a three-step process:
1. Global mean densities are assigned to bulk domains with low
variability.
2. Sulphur regression is used to estimate density in the LLU, where
density variability is high due to sulphide content.
3. M-Reef densities are assigned based on previous resource estimates from
2011 and 2013.
Classification MDU:
Resource classification is based on geological interpretation confidence
combined with Ordinary Kriging derived Slope of Regression (SoR) and/or
Average weighted distance (AWD) of informing composites.
Typical Indicated classification (SoR) >0.65 and Inferred classification is
based on SoR >0.5 on a block-by-block basis. However final classification
is based on manually interpreted aggregated volumes, not individual blocks.
There are no Measured Mineral Resources.
M-Reef
Maximum drill spacing up to 40 m by 40 m with development sampling was
classified as Indicated Mineral Resources. Indicated Mineral Resources must
also have a sound geological understanding and grade continuity.
Where drill density and development sampling are satisfied but unsolved
geological complexity exists, for example, the steeper zones of M30, M40 and
M50, these were classified as Inferred.
Where drill spacing is greater than 40 m X by 40 m Y and up to100 m X by 100 m
Y where unresolved geological complexity exists have been classified as
Inferred Mineral Resources.
Mineralisation with drill spacing wider than 100 m X by 100 m Y is
unclassified.
The primary reef M30 and M40 resource classification was used for the two
double reefs M28/M30 and M38/M40.
There are no Measured Mineral Resources in the M-Reefs.
West Dome
The December 2024 West Dome Mineral Resource reported figures were classified
using a combination of geostatistical confidence parameters including average
weighted distance for informing samples and slope of regression resulting from
the Ordinary Kriging estimation for each block. Contiguous volumes were
flagged with either Indicated or Inferred classification, no in-situ material
is classified as Measured.
Measured Resources at Telfer open pits are stockpiled material which has been
grade controlled by very closed spaced production blast hole and/or RC sample
data.
Audits or reviews. All mineral resources at Telfer are regularly independently reviewed by
resource estimation specialist consultants. The results and recommendations
are tabulated and actioned by Telfer Resource Geologists.
Discussion of relative accuracy / confidence Telfer Gold Mine is an established operation with a long history to support
development of plans to exploit the available Mineral Resources. As such, in
the Competent Person's opinion, there are no known factors related to the
environment, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing or
political changes that could materially affect the Mineral Resource estimates.
The Mineral Resource estimates are based on long term capital and operating
costs assumptions based on the current operating cost base modified for
changing activity levels and reasonable cost base reductions over the life of
the mine.
Any material change in long term cost base or metal price assumptions would
impact the Mineral Resource estimate.
JORC 2012 Table 1: Section 4 - Estimating And Reporting Of Ore Reserves
(Telfer)
Criteria Commentary
Mineral Resource Estimate for conversion to Ore Reserves Note: The last historical Ore Reserves reported for Telfer Mine were by
Newcrest Mining Limited (Newcrest) in July 2023. Following Newmont Mining
Corporation (Newmont) acquiring Newcrest (and accordingly Telfer) in November
2023, Newmont reported those reserves as Mineral Resources, given the
different gold and copper price assumptions used to support Newmont's Ore
Reserves. Newmont did not use short term mine life pricing, and a projected
forward price curve from spot to reserve pricing to support financial
evaluation was discounted. Information contained in this Table 1 Section 4
report considers the relevant historical Ore Reserves practices and modifying
factors, as Telfer Mine is an ongoing operation, but has been re-estimated
using Greatland's processes and assumptions since taking ownership and
management of the Telfer mine in December 2024.
The conversion of Mineral Resource to Ore Reserve follows the guidelines and
principals outlined in the Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration
Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves 2012 (JORC 2012), and is driven
primarily by applying modifying factors to available resource inventories
through applying pit optimisation, pit design, cut-off grades and financial
valuations.
In line with JORC 2012 guidelines, only Measured Resources were considered for
conversion to Proved Ore Reserves, and both Measured and Indicated Mineral
Resources were considered for conversion to Probable Ore Reserves. Inferred
Mineral Resources and unclassified material are treated as waste and given
zero grade.
The Mineral Resource estimate supporting this Ore Reserve estimate is
Greatland's Telfer Mineral Resource Estimate as at 31 December 2024, released
to the market on 18 March 2025.
The Telfer gold mine is an operating mine and since Greatland took ownership
in December 2024 it has completed pit optimisation, pit design and production
schedule updates supporting this Ore Reserve estimate. Telfer currently mines
from both open pit (West Dome Open Pit) and underground (Main Dome
Underground) operations. The West Dome Open Pit comprises the majority of ore
mined at Telfer Mine and is currently considered the primary financial driver,
and accordingly the near term mining areas in the West Dome Open Pit (Stage 2
Extension and Stage 7 Cutback) were the focus of this Ore Reserve estimate,
together with already mined stockpiles. On confirmation of the West Dome Open
Pit reserves, the Main Dome Underground reserve estimates can follow as
supplementary feed to the West Dome Open Pit. The Main Dome Underground
reserve estimate will be completed following ongoing drilling and modelling.
The reported Telfer Mineral Resources are inclusive of Ore Reserves and are
reported on a 100% basis.
The nominated and company approved Competent Person (CP) for Ore Reserves is
Otto Richter, BEng (Mining) FAusIMM #301723.
Site Visits The Competent Person for the Ore Reserve estimate is an employee of Greatland
and at the time of the Ore Reserve preparation was the Group Mining Engineer
and Manager - Mine Planning. The Competent Person is familiar with Telfer Mine
both under previous employment in 2017 to 2019, and currently under Greatland
ownership and regularly visits the site as part of normal duties.
Study Status Telfer is a mature and stable operation with well-established mining and
processing performance that has operated continuously for a period of more
than 36 years (other than the period 2000 to 2004). The Telfer process plant
in its current configuration has two processing trains that have been in
operation since 2005. Inputs for this Ore Reserve estimate have been
determined as part of Greatland's life of mine planning cycle and are in line
with current operating practices.
Cut-off Parameters Telfer Ore Reserves employ a value-based cut-off by determining the Net
Smelter Return (NSR) value equal to the relevant site operational costs. This
is achieved via a General Profit Algorith (GPA) script that derives a value
margin for the material parcels considering a range of possible process paths,
costs and recoveries.
This margin has been calculated using the revenue from which treatment charges
and refining costs (TCs and RCs) and royalty charges have been deducted as
well as considering the site operational costs used for cut-off determination.
Site operational costs include processing cost, relevant site general and
administration (G&A) costs and relevant sustaining capital costs.
The NSR calculation is applied to individual blocks in the resource model.
Revenue and cost assumptions are consistent with Greatland's short term metal
price assumption as at December 2024 with a gold price of AS$3,450/oz, copper
price of A$4.6/lb, and an exchange rate of 0.65 USD per AUD. The cut-off value
for reporting reserves within the open pit is calculated based on each block's
location in the mine, which average above a NSR value of A$24.78/t processed.
The stockpiles do not incur mining cost and therefore has a reduced cut-off
ranging between $13.7/t and 17.2/t processed.
Mining factors or assumptions Estimation of the Telfer open pit Ore Reserve involved standard steps of pit
optimisation, detailed mine design, production scheduling and financial
modelling. Factors and assumptions have been determined as part of a
prefeasibility level study, or are based on current operating experience and
performance.
Current mining activities at Telfer West Dome open pit are completed by a
third-party contractor that has operated at Telfer since 2016. Mining consists
of conventional truck and shovel operation and support the appropriateness of
the selected mining method as the basis of the Ore Reserve.
Open pit mine design parameters are adjusted to suit local conditions in the
pit, consisting of:
· Bench height of 12m mined in three 4m flitches
· Dual lane road width of 35m and single lane ramp width of 20m
· Maximum road grade of 10%
· Minimum mining width of 50m for single excavator and 80m for two
excavators
Geotechnical zones within the pit are assigned specific slope parameters based
on detailed analysis of ground conditions and other factors which influence
geotechnical performance. These design parameters are based on current
geotechnical experience and ongoing studies. Global stability analysis
confirms conservative factor of safety estimates with applied pit slope
parameters.
The Telfer resource model is a sub-blocked block model with a parent block
size of 12.5m x 12.5m x 12.5m that can be sub-blocked down to 6.25m x 6.25m x
4m thus representing the selective mining unit (SMU) of the operation and no
further mining dilution factor is therefore applied. Based on reconciliation
and historical mining performance, a mine recovery factor of 94% (6% ore loss)
is applied to convert the insitu ore tonnes to processed ore tonnes.
Stockpile material is reclaimed and fed to the crushers as part of the mill
schedule and only requires loading and hauling. The existing low-grade
stockpiles operating performance, included in the Ore Reserve estimate, is
well understood from recent processing operations.
Inferred Mineral Resources and unclassified material is treated as waste in
the Ore Reserve estimate and grades are set to zero.
Telfer mine is an operating site and all major infrastructure required to
support this Ore Reserve estimate is in place. Minor capital works is
required in the open pit for ongoing dewatering, power and communications, and
is included in the supporting capital estimate. Adequate tailings, dump leach
and waste storage areas were defined to support the reported open pit Ore
Reserves.
Metallurgical factors or assumptions The Ore Reserve estimate is predicated on the existing Telfer two-train ore
processing facility and Dump Leach facilities which have been in operation
since 2005. The processing facility has a nominal throughput rate of 20Mtpa
which incorporates flotation, gravity and pyrite/carbon in leach (CIL)
leaching circuits to produce a gold rich copper concentrate as well as gold
dorè. Concentrate is exported to customers via Port Hedland. The Telfer
process plant utilises proven technology which is widely used in the gold
industry for this style of mineralisation.
All metallurgical assumptions and potential geo-metallurgical paths are based
on actual performance of the current processing operations which in recent
years have been primarily processing West Dome material.
Metallurgical recoveries for the Ore Reserve estimate are assigned on an
individual block basis. West Dome recovery is dependent on the mineralogical
composition of the plant feed, feed type, ore feed grades, circuit constraints
and process route (mode). Recoveries range depending upon the ore type, copper
domain, feed grades and selected processing paths.
Metallurgical recoveries through the processing facility are based on current
and historical operating parameters. For the open pit crusher feed ore,
average recoveries of 86% for gold and 65.7% for copper have been applied.
Low-grade feed average recoveries of 78.5% gold and 45% copper have been
applied. Metallurgical recoveries of gold through dump leach is mostly
dependent on oxidation state, with most of the current dump leach reserve
material being partially or fully oxidised and ranging in recovery from 40% to
50% for gold. No copper is recovered through the dump leach process. Crusher
feed stockpiles on the Run-of-Mine (ROM) pad is assigned the same recovery
ranges as the source material from the open pit (86% for gold and 65.7% for
copper), and low grade stockpiles are assigned average recoveries of 78.5%
gold and 45% copper based on historical performance. The existing low-grade
stockpiles operating performance, included in the Ore Reserve estimate, is
well understood from recent processing operations.
The main deleterious elements present in the Telfer Open Pit ore bodies are
sulphides of arsenic and cobalt. These elements are more commonly found in the
supergene areas of the Ore Reserve. Deleterious elements are not predicted to
materially impact on the value of concentrate produced.
Environmental The Telfer open pit is an operating mine and is in material compliance with
its required and granted environmental permits and heritage surveys.
Tailings will be stored in approved tails storage facilities on site. Waste
generation tapers off as pre-stripping comes to an end in the latter part of
the open pits. The remaining waste to be generated by mining operations are
separated into potentially acid forming, and non-acid forming and will be
stored within current approved waste storage areas. Non-acid forming waste
is kept separated to be used during final rehabilitation work to encapsulate
potentially acid forming waste and as armouring material on rehabilitation
slopes. Several waste rock dumps have already been reshaped and rehabilitated.
Infrastructure The Telfer open pits are part of an operating mine and the necessary
infrastructure is in place for continued operation. Minor changes are required
to dewatering, secondary power feed lines and communication towers for ongoing
operations, and these have been included in the cost estimates and mine
schedule.
Costs Capital and operating costs have been determined based on the current
operational cost base, modified for changing activity levels and reasonable
cost base reductions over the life of the mine.
Supported by operating history and current sustaining capital investments, Ore
Reserve cost estimates are considered to be at Pre-Feasibility level or
better.
Deleterious elements have been considered under the current operating
conditions and does not materially impact the saleability nor cost of Telfer
concentrate.
Transport and refining charges are consistent with the application and input
assumptions for these costs as used by the current operation.
Royalty rates are 2.5% for all gold and 5% for copper calculated on an ad
valorem basis. Costs also include a revenue-based payment from mining under
the Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA) with JYAC.
Revenue factors Greatland adopted short mine life metal prices and exchange rate assumptions
for the material to be mined in the next three years and included in this Ore
Reserve estimate. Metal prices used are A$3,450/oz for gold and A$4.6/lb for
copper at an exchange rate of 0.65 USD per AUD.
Market assessment Greatland is a price taker, with gold and copper sold on the open market after
refining and subject to price fluctuations. Supply and demand for gold and
copper from Telfer is not a constraint in the estimation of the Ore Reserve.
The specification of concentrate produced from the open pit Ore Reserve is
closely managed to meet contract specifications. Greatland established
independent copper concentrate off-take agreements since taking ownership.
Economic The Ore Reserve has been evaluated through a financial model. All operating
and sustaining capital costs as well as revenue factors discussed in this
document were included in the financial model along with required
non-sustaining capital costs.
This process demonstrated that Telfer Reserves have a positive NPV.
Sensitivity of ±10% was conducted on the key input parameters affecting the
NPV, and confirmed the estimate to be robust. The NPV is most sensitive to
items affecting the gold revenue component, i.e. gold grade, gold
metallurgical recovery and gold price. The NPV range has not been provided as
Greatland considers it commercially sensitive information.
Social Agreements were put in place with the holders of native title in respect of
Telfer for the purposes of the Telfer expansion project (2002-2005). Telfer
continues to maintain a strong relationship with local communities and
traditional owners of the land surrounding Telfer, the Martu people. In
December 2015 Newcrest and Martu formalised their relationship when the
parties signed an ILUA. Greatland signed the Deed of Assumption on 4 December
2024 and is now the current holder of this deed and continues to maintain the
historical relationship.
Other It is considered that the appropriate and necessary approvals, including
tenements, are in place to support the continued operation of the Telfer open
pits.
Classification Ore Reserves are classified according to the Mineral Resource classification.
All of the ex-pit Ore Reserves are from Indicated Mineral Resources and have
been classified as Probable Reserves. This classification is based on the
density of drilling, the ore body experience and the mining method employed.
Measured Mineral Resources defined in ROM stockpiles were converted to Proved
Reserves. Low grade stockpiles are from Indicated Mineral Resources and were
converted to Probable Ore Reserves to account for planned mill feed, stockpile
ageing and material tracking. No Inferred Mineral Resources were converted to
Ore Reserves.
It is the Competent Persons view that the classifications used for the Ore
Reserves are appropriate.
Audits or reviews SRK Consulting (Australasia) Pty Ltd has completed an independent technical
assessment of the Updated Mineral Resource and Initial Ore Reserve estimates
completed by Greatland for Telfer Open pit and stockpiles. As part of that
assessment SRK reviewed the Resource and Reserve modelling methods and
parameters and found them to be reasonable and to take into consideration all
of the current exploration data and levels of technical knowledge of the
Telfer deposit.
SRK considers that the Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves have been reported
in accordance with guidelines and principles outlined in the 2012 edition of
the Australasian Code for the Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral
Resources and Ore Reserves (the JORC Code, 2012 edition).
Discussion of relative accuracy / confidence The accuracy of the estimates within this Ore Reserve is mostly determined by
the order of accuracy associated with the Mineral Resource model, the
metallurgical input, geotechnical slope angles, mine equipment, metal prices
and the cost factors used.
Telfer open pit Ore Reserves are based on proven operating history of ore
metal grade, operating cost, geotechnical stability, and metallurgical
recoveries. Estimated operating and sustaining capital costs developed for the
remaining open pit mine life have been calculated to a pre-feasibility level
of accuracy or better and are supported by continuation of current operating
practices.
Gold is the primary value contributor. As such, the Ore Reserves are most
sensitive to assumptions impacting gold value, such as gold price, gold grade
and gold metallurgical recoveries.
The Competent Person is not aware of any modifying factor that may materially
impact the Ore Reserve Statement (as of 31 December 2024) and the Ore Reserves
are supported by a positive cash flow analysis.
The Competent Person views the Telfer Open Pit Ore Reserve to be a reasonable
and appropriate global estimate.
Glossary of Terms
"A$" means Australian dollar(s).
"Au" means gold.
"Block Model" is a 3D representation of an orebody or mineral deposit,
typically divided into a grid of blocks. Each block is assigned attributes
like geological information, grade, density, and other parameters relevant to
mine planning and resource estimation. These models are crucial for
understanding the orebody, optimizing extraction methods, and making informed
decisions about mine design and scheduling.
"Cu" means copper.
"Doré" means a partially refined metal bar with a high gold content typically
produced by gold miners.
"Dump Leach" is a mining process where ore, often uncrushed, is stacked in
large dumps and then irrigated with a leaching solution to extract valuable
metals.
"Exploration Target" means a statement or estimate of the exploration
potential of a mineral deposit in a defined geological setting where the
statement or estimate quoted as a range of tonnes and a range of grade (or
quality) relates to mineralisation for which there has been insufficient
exploration to estimate a Mineral Resource"
"Feasibility Study" is a detailed evaluation of a proposed project to
determine if a mineral resource can be mined economically. It assesses various
aspects of the project, including its technical, financial, and environmental
viability, to determine if it's worth proceeding with development.
Essentially, it's a comprehensive analysis that helps decision-makers
understand the project's potential for success.
"g/t" means grams per tonne.
"Indicated Resource" represents a level of geological certainty where the
quantity, grade (or quality), and other characteristics of a mineral deposit
are estimated with sufficient confidence to allow for the application of
modifying factors, like technical, economic, and environmental considerations,
to evaluate the deposit's economic viability. It's a step more certain than an
inferred resource but less certain than a measured resource
"Inferred Resource" refers to a type of mineral resource with the lowest level
of geological confidence. It is estimated based on limited geological evidence
and sampling, implying a great deal of uncertainty about the quantity and
grade of the resource. These resources are used for preliminary planning and
often require further exploration to be upgraded to a more confident category.
"koz" means 1,000 ounces
"kt" means 1000 tonnes.
"LOM" means life of mine.
"Measured Resource" represents the highest level of geological confidence in a
mineral resource with the quantity, grade, shape, and physical characteristics
of the resource being well-established through detailed exploration and
sampling. This high degree of confidence allows for the application of
technical and economic parameters to support detailed mine planning and final
evaluation
"Mineral Resource" means a concentration or occurrence of solid material of
economic interest due to their inherent properties.
"MRE" means Mineral Resource estimate.
"Moz" means 1,000,000 ounces.
"Mt" means 1,000,000 tonnes.
"Mtpa" means million tonnes per annum.
"Net Smelter Return or NSR" means the proceeds from the sale of mineral
products after deducting off-site processing and distribution costs.
"Ore Reserve" means the economically mineable part of a Measured and/or
Indicated Mineral Resource.
"Probable Ore Reserve" means the economically mineable part of an indicated,
and in some circumstances, a measured mineral resource.
"Production Target" means a projection or forecast of the amount of minerals
to be extracted from mine for a specific period that often exceeds the current
year.
"Stockpiles (LG)" means a pile of low grade ore which has been extracted
through the mining process before any processing or treatment and placed in an
accessible storage location on site.
"Stockpiles (ROM)" means a pile of reasonable grade ore which has been
extracted through the mining process before any processing or treatment and
placed in an accessible storage location on site.
"tonne" or "t" means a metric tonne.
"US$" means United States dollar(s).
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